International Development and the Social Sciences: Essays on the History and Politics of Knowledge

Description

During the past fifty years, colonial empires around the world have collapsed and vast areas that were once known as "colonies" have become known as "less developed countries" or "the third world." The idea of development—and the relationship it implies between industrialized, affluent nations and poor, emerging nations—has become the key to a new conceptual framework. Development has also become a vast industry, involving billions of dollars and a worldwide community of experts. These essays—written by scholars in many fields—examine the production, transmission, and implementation of ideas about development within historical, political, and intellectual contexts, emphasizing the changing meanings of development over the past fifty years. The concept of development has come under attack in recent years both from those who see development as the imperialism of knowledge, imposing on the world a modernity that it does not necessarily want, and those who see development efforts as a distortion of the world market. These essays look beyond the polemics and focus on the diverse, contested, and changing meanings of development among social movements, national governments, international agencies, foundations, and scholars. International Development and the Social Sciences CONTENTS PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS Introduction Thinking Critically about Development Development in History From Colonial Empires to Less Developed Countries Different Developments? Demarcating a New Terrain for Academic Inquiry Ideas, Institutions, and Contexts: Sticky Thinking and Shifting Paradigms Institutions and the Production of Development Knowledge The Transmission and Circulation of Development Knowledge The Reception and Appropriation of Development Knowledge Uses and Dangers: Development as Discourse and Practice Notes References THE END OF EMPIRE AND THE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK One— Instruments and Idioms of Colonial and National Development: India's Historical Experience in C... Historical Origins of the Concepts of Colonial and National Development National Development and the Postcolonial State Is Development History? Notes References Two— Modernizing Bureaucrats, Backward Africans, and the Development Concept The Imperial Context of Development The Sociology of Postwar Development The Developers' Disillusionment Modernization, Dualism, and Analysis of the Postwar World Conclusion Notes References Three— Visions of Postwar Health and Development and Their Impact on Public Health Interventions in ... Health and Colonial Development Health and Development in the Postwar World Continuities and Their Impacts Inequalities in Health Care Economic Benefits of Health Disease Models Technology and Dependency Back to the Future: From Primary Health Care to Selective Primary Health Care Notes References INTELLECTUAL COMMUNITIES AND CONNECTIONS Four— Intellectual Openings and Policy Closures: Disequilibria in Contemporary Development Economics... Openings and Closures in Contemporary Development Economics The Invisible Hand Theorem and the World of the Welfare Theorems Development Liberalism as Reassertion of Microeconomic Fundamentalism Actually Existing Market Economies and the Opening of Intellectual Space in Contemporary Microeconom... Exploring New Intellectual Space in Post-Arrowdebreu Development Economics Microeconomic Foundations of Agrarian Growth and Transformation Endogenous Growth Theory and the Reproduction of a Core-Periphery Structure Knowledge, Learning, and Peruasion in the Policy Community Notes References Five— Anthropology and Its Evil Twin: "Development" in the Constitution of a Discipline Development Knowledge and the Disciplines: A Research Agenda The Concept of "Development" and the Theoretical Foundations of Anthropology "Development" Becomes "Applied" Development, Decolonization, Modernization Neo-Marxist Critique "Development Anthropology" Anthropology and Its Evil Twin, or, Why "Development" Is Not Welcome in the House of Anthropology, a... Conclusion Notes References Six— Population Science, Private Foundations, and Development Aid: The Transformation of Demographic... The American Mission and Foreign Aid: The Challenge of Population Growth in Postwar Ideology The Nonprofit Foundations and Postwar Reconstruction: The Limits of Population Policy Tested Codifying Demography: Institution Building and the Production of Knowledge The Quest for Legitimacy: Cold War Demography as Science and Policy The Reworking of Transition Theory: Defining the Population Problem in Public Policy Discourse "War, Starvation and Communist Intrigue": World Population Growth and National Security Closure: The Draper Committee and After Notes References IDEAS AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTIONS Seven— Redefining Development at the World Bank Background: Poverty as a Concern in Development Prior to 1968 Redefining Development to Target Poverty Intellectual Shifts Changes at the Bank under George Woods The Arrival of McNamara Retooling the Bank for Poverty Alleviation Operationalizing "Poverty Alleviation" Spreading the Antipoverty Focus The Robustness of the Antipoverty Focus Conclusions and Implications Notes References Eight— Development Ideas in Latin America: Paradigm Shift and the Economic Commission for Latin Amer... Types of Ideas Changing Ideas about Development in Latin America Classic ECLA Theory Shifting Ideas within ECLA Explanations for Paradigm Shift: Power/Interests Explanations for Paradigm Shift That Stress "Learning" Institutional Explanations Dramatic Failure Followed by Initial Success Conclusions Notes References DEVELOPMENT LANGUAGE AND ITS APPROPRIATIONS Nine— "Found in Most Traditional Societies": Traditional Medical Practitioners between Culture and D... The Model: TMPS in Health Policy The Context: A Close-up View of One Village Implementation Conclusions Notes References Ten— Senegalese Development: From Mass Mobilization to Technocratic Elitism The Context The Great Beginning: Knowledges and Institutions in the Senegalese Trajectiry The Knowledges and the Imaginary of Development Development Put to the Test: A New Geogrphy The Results Le Retournement Du Monde [The World Turned Upside Down]24 The Causes of the Crisis The New Economic Policy Conclusion Notes References Eleven— Agrarian Populism in the Development of a Modern Nation (India) The Place of Agriculture in a Modern Nation Populism and Agrarian Politics Bharat Versus "India" The Failure of "Development" Divisions within Bharat—A Split Subject? The Place of Patriarchy Conclusion Notes References INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y