An Experimental Approach to Archaeomorphometrics: With Special Reference to Metapodials of Artiodactyls in Sri Lanka

Description

Measurements of bones and teeth play an important role in zooarchaeology. They are useful in distinguishing between closely related species and between their wild and domestic forms. Measurements can tell us about size and shape, and for large samples it is sometimes possible to ascertain the sex ratio of the animals from which the bones are derived. For sequences of archaeological assemblages, changes in sizes can tell us about environmental and economic changes such as the advent of domestication and livestock improvement. An Experimental Approach to Archaeomorphometrics has the following aims: to publish a set of metapodial (Artiodactyl) measurements to facilitate comparisons with other bones from archaeological sites and to help the interpretation of measurement data; and to gain a better understanding of metric data, i.e., how much dimensions of different bones and parts of bones vary, and how they reflect the condition of the animal in life. To this end the volume uses principal component analysis to interpret morphological differences between taxa. Cover Title Page Copyright Information Contents List of Figures Figure 1: Bone measurement criterion – carpal view (Bovidae metacarpal, right) Figure 2: Bone measurement criterion – anterior view (Bovidae metacarpal, right) Figure 3: Bone measurement criterion – lateral and tarsal view (Bovidae metacarpal, right) Figure 5 The medial epicondyle is circle-sector shaped and larger, and the lateral epicondyle is smaller and triangular Figure 4 Metacarpal proximal morphology Figure 6 Capral view of metatarsal (L) Figure 7: Score plot for metacarpalsFigure 8: 3D scatterplot of BP vs DP vs GL for metacarpals Figure 10: Score plot for factor analysis (equimax rotation) Figure 9: Score plot for factor analysis (quartimax rotation) Figure 11: Matrix plot for metacarpal measurements Figure 12: Score plot for metatarsals Figure 13: 3D Scatterplot of BD vs DP vs GL for metatarsals Figure 14: Score plot for factor analysis (quartimax rotation) Figure 15: Score plot for factor analysis (equimax rotation) Figure 16: Matrix plot for metatarsal measurements Figure 17: Scatterplot of metacarpal GL vs metatarsal GL in tenths of millimetre taken along same axis Figure 18: Scatterplot of metacarpal BD1 vs metacarpal GL in tenths of millimetre taken along same axis Figure 19: Scatterplot of MC BD1 vs MT BD1 Figure 20: Cervus unicolor metacarpal - anterior view (L) Figure 21: Cervus unicolor metacarpal - posterior view (L) Figure 23: Cervus unicolor metatarsal - tarsal view (L) Figure 24: Cervus unicolor metatarsal - posterior view (L) Figure 25: Cervus unicolor metatarsal - anterior view (L) Figure 26: Articulation of metapodials: Cervidae vs Suidae (K. Manamendra-Arachchi del) Figure 27: Human third and fourth left metacarpals (anterior views) are compared to adult pig left third and fourth metacarpals (dorsal views) Figure 28: Human third and fourth left metatarsals (superior views) are compared to adult pig left third and fourth metatarsals (dorsal views) Acknowledgements Abstract Introduction Global Synthesis The Sri Lankan Synthesis Species Description Cervus unicolor (Artiodactyl: Cervidae) Sus scrofa (Artiodactyl: Suidae) (See Appendix 3) Axis axis (Artiodactyl: Cervidae) Muntiacus muntjak (Artiodactyl: Cervidae) Axis porcinus (Artiodactyl: Cervidae) Moschiola meminna (Artiodactyl: Tragulidae) Bubalus Bubalis (Artiodactyl: Bovidae) Methodology of the study General description of terminology used (see Appendix 2) Description of the metacarpals Description of the metatarsals Results Results of metacarpals Descriptive statistics: BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Principal component analysis: BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Eigenanalysis of the correlation matrix Eigenvectors Discriminant analysis: species versus BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Linear method for response: species Squared distance between groups Correct Classifications Summary of classification Linear discriminant function for groups Summary of misclassified observations Factor analysis: BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Rotated factor loadings and communalities Unrotated factor loadings and communalities Item analysis of BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Cronbach’s alpha Item and total statistics Omitted item statistics Correlation matrix Covariance matrix Results of metatarsals Descriptive statistics: BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Principal component analysis: BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Eigen analysis of the correlation matrix Discriminant analysis: species versus BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Linear discriminant function for groups Squared distance between groups Groups Factor analysis: BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Unrotated factor loadings and communalities Factor score coefficients Quartimax rotation Rotated factor loadings and communalities Item analysis of BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Correlation matrix Covariance matrix Cronbach’s alpha Item and total statistics Omitted item statistics Interpretation of the Results Appendix 1: Primary data set of bone measurements Metacarpals Metatarsals Appendix 2: Bone terminology Appendix 3: Summary report for BP, DP, BM, BL, BS, GL, BD1, BC, BD2 Appendix 4: Exclusion of Sus scrofa References