Petroleum spills in the marine environment : the chemistry and formation of water-in-oil emulsions and tar balls

Description

This book covers research completed between 1981 and May 1985 and includes: reviews of recent studies, sitings and investigations at spills-of-opportunity as well as results of recent arctic and sub-Arctic oil weathering experiments and observations on the behavior of crude oil in the presence of ice. Topics covered include the following: laboratory studies of formation and stability of water-in-oil emulsions; selected case histories of the more detailed chemistry studies of mousse behavior and long term fate in near-coastal and open ocean oil spills/blowouts; tar ball formation and distribution; and algorithms and computer programs to simulate the formation of water-in-oil emulsion. Read more... Abstract: This book covers research completed between 1981 and May 1985 and includes: reviews of recent studies, sitings and investigations at spills-of-opportunity as well as results of recent arctic and sub-Arctic oil weathering experiments and observations on the behavior of crude oil in the presence of ice. Topics covered include the following: laboratory studies of formation and stability of water-in-oil emulsions; selected case histories of the more detailed chemistry studies of mousse behavior and long term fate in near-coastal and open ocean oil spills/blowouts; tar ball formation and distribution; and algorithms and computer programs to simulate the formation of water-in-oil emulsion Content: Cover Title Page Copyright Page PREFACE LlST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES Table of Contents Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION Chapter 2: LABORATORY STUDIES OF FORMATION AND STABILITY OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS Background Specific Studies Mousse Formation in the Presence of Ice Identification of Emulsifying Agents Responsible for Mousse Formation Physical and Behavioral Properties of Water-in-Oil Emulsions Evaporation Combustibility Breaking and Interaction of Laboratory Mousse with Dispersants Bacterial Utilization of Laboratory Generated Mousse Chapter 3: SELECTED CASE HISTORIES OF THE MORE DETAILED CHEMISTRY STUDIES OF MOUSSE BEHAVIOR AND LONG TERM FATE IN NEAR-COASTAL AND OPEN OCEAN OIL SPILLS/BLOWOUTSTorrey Canyon Tanker Arrow Metula Ekofisk Bravo Blowout US/NS Potomac in Melville Bay, Greenland Amoco Cadiz IXTOC I Blowout, Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico Background Observations at the Wellhead Subsurface Transport and Weathering of IXTOC Oil Personal Observations of Micro-Scale Mousse Agglomeration Fate of Stranded IXTOC Mousse Along the Southeast Texas Coastline Burmah Agate Alvenus Open Ocean Field Tests of Spilled PetroleumsConclusions Chapter 4: TAR BALL FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION Global Distribution of Pelagic Tar Chemical Composition of Tar Balls Sources of Pelagic Tar Fate of Pelagic Tar at Sea Fate of Beached or Stranded Tar Balls Chapter 5: ALGORITHMS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMS TO SIMULATE THE FORMATION OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS Chapter 6: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND CRITICAL CITATION REVIEW Laboratory Studies Physical Properties of Water-in-Oil Emulsions Treatment of Mousse with Dispersants Case Histories of Real Spill Events Tar Ball Distributions and ChemistryMathematical and Computer Modeling of Mousse Behavior BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX