On the Plurality of Civilisations

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Translated from the Polish Introduction by ANTON HILCKMAN Preface by ARNOLD TOYNBEE Originally published in Polish in 1935 in Cracow by Gebethner i Wolf under the title “O wielosci cywilizacyj” Preface by Arnold Toynbee, VII Publisher’s Preface by Jędrzej Giertych, IX Introduction by Anton Hilckman, 1 Feliks Koneczny and the Comparative Science of Civilisation by Anton Hilckman, 8 — The Modern Road of Philosophy of History, 9 — On What is Civilisation Based? — The Quincunx of Existencial Values, 10 — The Central Problem of the Philosophy of History: Where does the difference of civilisations come from?, 14 — Negative Answers, 14 — Civilisations and Religions. Are the Civilisations Products of Religions?, 14 — Christianity and Civilisation, 15 — The Positive Answer: The Principal Factors of Differentiation pf Civilisations, 20 — Laws of History, 23 — The only law of History: Causality and Finality, 25 — East, West, Rome and Byzantium. Turan. The Pressure of the East upon the West. Germany, 27 On the Plurality of Civilisations by Feliks Koneczny, 33 — Chapter I. From Bacon to Majewski, 35 —— I. Introduction, 35 —— II. A note on Kollątaj, 60 — Chapter II. Nuclei of All Culture, 65 —— I. Fire, 65 —— II. Domestic Animals, 72 —— III. The Oldest Associations, 84 —— IV. Nuclei of Tradition, 95 —— V. Prehistoric Economy, 100 — Chapter III. The Triple Law, 111 —— I. Nomenclature, 111 —— II. The Five Types of Clan, 113 —— III. Family Law, 124 —— IV. Property Law, 134 —— V. Clan Law and the Triple Law, 141 — Chapter IV. Associations and Systems, 148 —— I. System in the Quincunx of Society, 148 —— II. Natural Ethics, 153 —— III. The Condition of Commensurability, 160 —— IV. What is Civilisation?, 166 —— V. Homo Faber, 174 — Chapter V. Civilisation and Race, 180 —— I. Racial Mixture, 180 —— II. What Races Are There?, 187 —— III. The So-Called Sociological Races, 195 —— IV. Psychological Results of Crossing, 203 —— V. The So-Called Hierarchy of Races, 208 —— VI. Results, 215 — Chapter VI. Civilisation and Language, 217 —— I. Nomenclature, 217 —— II. Multiplicity and Disappearance of Languages, 218 —— III. Wealth and Poverty, 227 —— IV. Unequal Capacity, 232 —— V. Relationship to Communal Mentality, 238 —— VI. Conclusions, 244 — Chapter VII. Civilisation and Religion 246 —— I. Introductory Remarks, 246 —— II. Judaism, 249 —— III. Brahminism, 257 —— IV. Buddhism, 261 —— V. Islam, 264 —— VI. Oriental Christianity, 269 —— VII. Catholicism, 274 —— VIII. Summary, 281 — Chapter VIII. Attempted Systematization, 286 —— I. Proviso, 286 —— II. Control of Time, 286 —— III. Private and Public Law, 295 —— IV. Ethics and Law, 301 —— V. National Consciousness, 307 —— VI. Tentative Systematization, 313 —— VII. Changes and Syntheses, 316 —— VIII. Conclusion, 322 Supplement — Feliks Koneczny, 327 — The Works of Feliks Koneczny dealing with the Problem of Civilisation, 330 Index, 332