Nanocomposites

Description

Nanocomposites are composite materials that have dimensions less than 100 nm in at least one of their phases, offering a higher surface-to-volume ratio. They are high-performance materials, exhibit unusual properties, and are considered as materials of the 21st century. In this book, experts from the field discuss the basic concepts, synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of nanocomposites. The book is helpful for researchers, professional engineers, students, and those associated with a variety of disciplines of both academia and industry in seeking an understanding of what has been recently done in the field and the challenges related to it. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Introduction to Nanocomposites 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Classification of Nanocomposites 1.3: Synthesis of Nanocomposites 1.4: Characterization of Nanocomposites 1.5: Properties of Nanocomposites 1.6: Applications Chapter 2: Nanocomposites: Types and Various Methods of Synthesis 2.1: Introduction 2.2: Types of Nanocomposites 2.3: Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites 2.4: Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 2.5: Polymer Nanocomposites 2.6: Preparation Methods of Polymer Nanocomposites 2.7: Sol-Gel Synthesis Method 2.8: Melt Intercalation 2.9: Conclusion Chapter 3: Characterization of Nanocomposites 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Characterization Techniques for Nanocomposites 3.2.1: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 3.2.2: Microscopic Techniques: SEM/AFM/TEM 3.2.3: Thermal Stability 3.3: Characterization of Different Nanocomposites 3.3.1: Characterization of Nanocomposite Films of PVK/PVC-SiC 3.3.1.1: Characterization by X-ray diffraction 3.3.1.2: Characterization by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy 3.3.1.3: TGA analysis 3.3.2: γ-Fe2O3 Dispersed Natural Rubber Composite 3.3.2.1: Characterization by X-ray diffraction 3.3.2.2: Characterization by scanning electron micrograph 3.3.3: Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H)-Polymer Nanocomposite (C-S-HPN) 3.3.3.1: Characterization by X-ray diffraction 3.3.3.2: Characterization by SEM 3.3.3.3: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis 3.3.3.4: TG and DTG studies of C-S-H, PAA, and C-S-HPN materials 3.4: Conclusion Chapter 4: Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 4.1: Introduction 4.2: Graphene for Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes 4.3: CNT Nanocomposite Application 4.4: Activated Carbon Nanocomposites 4.5: Conclusion Chapter 5: Core-Shell Nanocomposites 5.1: Introduction 5.1.1: Various Morphological NPs 5.1.2: Classification of Core-Shell NPs 5.1.3: Fabrication Methods for Core-Shell NPs 5.1.4: Significance of Core-Shell NPs 5.1.5: Scope 5.2: Various Types of Core-Shell Nanocomposites 5.3: Conclusions Chapter 6: Citric Acid–Assisted Inexpensive Semi-wet Combustion Synthesis and Characterization of Ultrafine LiFe0.95Ti0.05PO4 and LiFePO4 Polycrystalline Materials 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Experimental Procedure 6.2.1: Material Synthesis 6.2.2: Material Characterization 6.3: Result and Discussion 6.4: Conclusions Chapter 7: Magnetic Properties of Nanocomposites 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Magnetic Measurements and Magnetic Parameters of Nanocomposites 7.2.1: Magnetic Measurements 7.2.2: Magnetic Parameters of Nanocomposites 7.2.2.1: Crystal anisotropy 7.2.2.2: Shape anisotropy 7.2.2.3: Superparamagnetic state 7.2.2.4: DC magnetic measurement parameters 7.2.2.5: Verwey transition temperature 7.3: Nanocomposites Based on Magnetically Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 7.4: Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 7.5: Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites 7.6: Ceramic Nanocomposites 7.6.1: Ceramic Nanocomposites Having Fe and Co 7.6.2: Ceramic Nanocomposites Having Only Fe 7.6.3: Ceramic Nanocomposites Having Only Ni 7.6.4: Spinel-Perovskite Structured Nanocomposites Chapter 8: Optical Properties of Nanocomposite Materials 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Optical Properties 8.2.1: Absorption and Transmittance 8.2.2: Luminescence 8.2.3: Nonlinearity 8.3: Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 8.4: Metal Oxide Matrix Nanocomposites 8.5: Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites (PMNC) 8.6: Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites (CMNC) 8.7: Conclusion Chapter 9: Dielectric and Ferroelectric Studies of 0.5Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3·0.5CaCu3Ti4O12 Nanocomposite Fabricated by the Combination of Solid State and Chemical Route 9.1: Introduction 9.2: Experimental 9.3: Result and Discussions 9.4: Conclusions Chapter 10: Dielectric Properties of Barium Titanate Nanocomposites 10.1: Introduction and Background 10.2: Synthesis Methods, Physiochemical Characterization, and Dielectric and Ferroelectric Propertie 10.3: Future Perspectives Chapter 11: Nanocomposites and Their Sensing Properties 11.1: Introduction 11.2: Classification of Nanocomposites 11.2.1: Classification of Nanocomposites Based on Matrix Material 11.2.1.1: Ceramic matrix nanocomposites (CMNC) 11.2.1.2: Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNC) 11.2.1.3: Polymer matrix nanocomposites (PMNC) 11.2.2: Classification of Nanocomposites Based on Reinforcement 11.2.2.1: Fibrous nanocomposites 11.2.2.2: Laminar nanocomposites 11.2.2.3: Particulate nanocomposites 11.3: Synthesis of Nanocomposites 11.4: Sensing Properties of Nanocomposites 11.4.1: Ceramic Matrix Nanocomposites 11.4.2: Metal Matrix Nanocomposites 11.4.3: Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites Chapter 12: Polymer Nanocomposite for Detection of Heavy Metal Ions 12.1: Introduction 12.2: Preparative Methods 12.3: Source and Toxicity 12.4: Methods for Metal Detection 12.5: Optical Methods 12.6: Electrical Methods 12.7: Conclusion Chapter 13: Use of Nanocomposites as Photocatalysts 13.1: Introduction 13.1.1: Photocatalysis 13.1.2: Uses of Photocatalysis 13.2: Nanocomposites 13.2.1: Applications of Nanocomposites 13.3: Recent Researches on Nanocomposites 13.3.1: Quinoline Oxidative Degradation by CuO/MCM-41 Photocatalyst 13.3.2: Aqueous Phase Decontamination of Triclosan (Antifungal Agent) through UiO-66/CdIn2S4 Nanocomposites 13.3.3: Bisphenol A Photocatalytic Degradation and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting by a Composite Photocatalyst for Plasmonic Metal/Semiconductor 13.3.4: Plasma Enhanced Bi/Bi2O2CO3 Heterojunction Photocatalyst 13.3.5: Ag-AgX-Zinc Oxide-rGO (X = Cl and Br) Nanocomposite for Enhanced Visible-Light Driven Photocatalysis 13.3.6: Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole Drug Using F-Pd Co-doped Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites 13.3.7: Chitosan-Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles Photocatalytic Degradation Efficacy for Azo Dyes 13.3.8: Great Photocatalytic Output of CdS-SnS-SnS2/rGO under Visible Light 13.3.9: Enhanced Catalytic and Photocatalytic Properties of t-ZrO2/γ-Fe2O3 Supported AgPt Nanoparticles 13.3.10: Solar-Enhanced Nanosubstrate AlZinc Oxide@Carbon for Textile Wastewater Remediation 13.3.11: Surface of Ta2O5 Decorated with Ta3B2 Nanodots for Increased Photocatalytic Activity 13.3.12: WO3/CNT Heterojunction Nanocomposite to Degrade Pharmaceutical Wastewater 13.3.13: Highly Degradation of Organic Dyes by Ag3VO4/WO2.72 Nanocomposites 13.3.14: Photocatalytic Degradation of Acephate Pesticide 13.3.15: Photocatalytic Degradation and Magnetic Separation by NiFe2O4/MWCNTs/Zinc Oxide Hybrid Nanocomposite 13.3.16: Manufacture of Silver Iodide/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposites 13.3.17 Photodegradation of Rhodamine B Dye by Zinc Stannate : Tin Oxide (ZTO:SnO2) Nanocomposite Photocatalysts 13.3.18: Hydrogen Evolution by the Photocatalyst Pt/La0.02Na0.98TaO3 Nanocomposite 13.3.19: Fabrication of Self-Healing Nanocomposite Hydrogels 13.3.20: Heterojunction of the Self-Cleaning Isotype g-C3N4 for Successful Photocatalytic Reduction of Uranium (VI) 13.4: Photocatalysts Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles (SF-Nanoparticles) and Spinel Ferrite Nanocomposites (SF-Nanocomposites) 13.4.1: Introduction 13.4.2: Structure of Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles 13.4.3: Properties and Applications of Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles 13.4.4: Advantages of Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles 13.4.5: Influence of pH of Zero Point Charge (pHzpc) on Adsorption of Anions and Cations 13.4.6: Synergistic Photocatalytic Activity 13.4.7: Photocatalytic Application of Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles and Spinel Ferrite Nanocomposites for Wastewater Remediation 13.4.8: Mechanism of Contaminant Degradation 13.4.9: Dye Degradation 13.4.10: Degradation of Phenol and Phenol Derivatives 13.4.11: Antibiotics 13.4.12: Photocorrosion Reduction 13.4.13: Recent Researches on Spinel Ferrite Photocatalysts 13.5: Graphene Oxide Supported Semiconductors-Based Photocatalysts 13.5.1: Introduction 13.5.2: Significance of Photocatalysts Dependent on Graphene Oxide/Semiconductors 13.5.3: Basic Principle of Photocatalysis 13.5.4: Structure of Graphene Oxide 13.5.5: Applications of Graphene Oxide Mediated Photocatalysts 13.5.6: Recent Advancements on Graphene Oxide as Photocatalyst 13.6: Plasmonic Nanophotocatalysts for Hydrogen Production 13.6.1: Introduction 13.6.2: Production of Hydrogen Gas Using Titanium Dioxide 13.6.3: Splitting Water by Using Solid Solution GaN:ZnS 13.6.4: Photocatalysts Separate Water by Using Noble Metal Oxide 13.6.5: Hydrogen Development and the Reduction of Nitrogen Compounds into Amines 13.6.6: Recent Advances in Plasmonic Nanophotocatalysts for the Production of Hydrogen 13.6.7: Concluding Remarks Chapter 14: Clay Supported Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites as Photocatalysts 14.1: Introduction 14.2: Removal of Organic Pollutants by Heterogeneous Photocatalysts 14.3: Titanium Dioxide as an Extremely Investigated Photocatalyst 14.4: Disadvantages of Using Titanium Dioxide as Photocatalyst 14.5: Overcoming the Limitations 14.6: Clay: A Promising Support for Titanium Dioxide Photocatalyst 14.7: Types of Clays Used as Supports of Titanium Dioxide 14.8: Clay 14.8.1: Formation of Clay 14.8.2: Color of Clay 18.8.3: Types of Clay 14.8.4: Structure of Clay 14.8.4.1: Kaolinite mineral structure 14.9: Origin of Clay 14.10: Smectite Mineral Structure 14.11: Cationic or Anionic Surface Clays 14.12: Nanocomposites of Titanium Dioxide with Different Clays 14.12.1: Titanium Dioxide/Mt Nanocomposites 14.12.1.1: Montmorillonite 14.12.2: Titanium Dioxide/Bentonite Nanocomposites 14.12.3: Titanium Dioxide/Kaolinite Nanocomposites 14.12.4: Titanium Dioxide/Halloysite Nanocomposites 14.12.5: Titanium Dioxide/Palygorskite and Titanium Dioxide/Attapulgite Nanocomposites 14.13: Function of Clay in Boosting Titanium Dioxide Photoactivity 14.13.1: Textural Differences 14.13.2: Large Surface Area and Volume of Pores 14.13.3: The Optical Properties 14.13.4: Influence of Optical Transparency 14.13.5: Interaction of Clay Surface with Photogenerated Electrons and Holes 14.13.6: Electrostatic Interactions of Clay with Photogenerated Charge Carriers 14.14: Recent Trend in the Use of Clay to Improve the Titanium Dioxide Photocatalytic Reaction 14.15: Recent Advances in Decolorization of Dyes by Clay/Titanium Dioxide Systems 14.16: Conclusion Chapter 15: Fractal-Based Nanocomposites 15.1: Introduction 15.2: Summary of Fractal-Based Nanocomposites 15.3: Future Scenario Chapter 16: Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites in Food Packaging 16.1: Introduction 16.2: An Overview on Biodegradable Polymer Nanocomposites 16.3: Preparation Methods 16.4: Testing of Packaging Materials 16.5: Mechanical Testing 16.6: Gas Permeability 16.7: Specific Tests 16.8: Application in Food Packaging 16.9: Hard Packaging 16.10: Flexible Packaging 16.11: Active Packaging 16.12: Conclusion and Future Outlook Chapter 17: Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Nanocomposite Materials: Introduction, Design, and Applications 17.1: Introduction 17.2: Fundamentals of Superhydrophobicity 17.2.1: Wetting Theories (Static Contact Angle) 17.2.2: Contact Angle Hysteresis 17.3: Nanocomposite Materials 17.4: Methods for the Synthesis of Superhydrophobic Nanocomposite 17.4.1: Top-Down Synthesis 17.4.1.1: Lithography 17.4.1.2: Template method 17.4.1.3: Plasma treatment 17.4.2: Bottom-Up Synthesis 17.4.2.1: Sol-gel method 17.4.2.2: Layer-by-layer deposition 17.4.2.3: Electrochemical deposition 17.4.2.4: Electrospinning 17.4.2.5: Chemical vapor deposition 17.5: Applications of Superhydrophobic Nanocomposite Surfaces 17.5.1: Oil-Water Separation 17.5.2: Anti-icing Coating 17.5.3: Anti-corrosion 17.5.4: Self-Cleaning 17.5.5: Anti-fouling 17.5.6: Anti-fogging 17.5.7: Water-Resistant Fabrics/Textiles 17.6: Limitations of Superhydrophobic Surfaces 17.6.1: Structure Stability and Durability Issues (Mechanical/Chemical Stability) 17.6.2: Scalable and Cost-Effective 17.6.3: Environmentally Friendly 17.6.4: Multifunctional Superhydrophobic Coating/Surfaces Index