Diplomacy in Practice: A Critical Approach

Description

This book informs students about the practice of modern diplomacy while simultaneously inviting them to critically reflect on it. The work introduces the world of diplomacy from a practitioner’s point of view. Rather than listening to what diplomats say they do, the book looks at what they actually do. Diplomacy is thus approached through the lenses of its manifold practices: from political analysis to policy-shaping, from conflict prevention over conflict-management to conflict-resolution. However, the book not only aims at informing or instructing but also, and primarily, wants its readers to critically reflect on diplomacy. It reviews received ideas by posing questions such as: what does ‘preventive diplomacy’ really mean?; what is the place of ‘transparency’ in diplomatic practice?; why is the relationship between ‘law and diplomacy’ ambiguous?; how come that our leaders have such a difficult time in credibly defending ‘human rights’?; and why is conducting an ‘ethical foreign policy’ a mission impossible? To tackle these and other questions, the book uses the tools of contemporary academic disciplines, such as behavioural economics, game theory, social psychology, argumentation theory, and practical logic, among others. This interdisciplinary approach brings fresh perspective to a field of study that has long remained self-contained. This book will be of great interest to students of diplomacy, foreign policy, and International Relations, as well as those seeking a career in diplomacy and existing diplomatic practitioners and international analysts. Cover Endorsement Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Boxes Tables Abbreviations Preface Introduction: Diplomacy Is What Diplomats Do I.1 The Socratic Fallacy I.2 The Practice Turn I.3 Deflating Diplomacy I.4 Realist Diplomacy I.5 Interdisciplinary Approach I.6 Diplomacy as a Craft I.7 Summing Up I.8 What to Expect Bibliography Part I The Organisation of Diplomacy 1 The Organisation of Diplomacy: The Standard Model 1.1 A Preliminary Question: What Is Diplomacy For? 1.2 The Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1.2.1 Some Advice for the Minister’s Chief Adviser 1.2.2 Some Advice for the Minister in Choosing and Working With His Or Her Chief Adviser 1.3 The Embassy, Consulate, and Permanent Representation 1.4 What Are Diplomatic Missions For? Bibliography 2 Ways and Means of Doing Diplomacy 2.1 The One Old and the Many New Diplomacies – a Preliminary Exploration 2.2 Bilateral and Multilateral Diplomacy 2.3 Track II Diplomacy 2.4 Networked Diplomacy 2.5 Virtual Diplomacy 2.6 Public Diplomacy 2.7 The ‘New Diplomacies’ 2.7.1 New Topics for Diplomacy 2.7.2 New Actors in Diplomacy 2.7.3 The Changing Nature of Diplomacy Bibliography Part II A Diplomat’s Conceptual Toolbox 3 Reasoning in Diplomacy: An Exploration 3.1 The Practical Syllogism 3.2 Finding and Justifying Decisions 3.3 A Non-Logic of Discovery? 3.3.1 Reasoning By Consequences 3.3.2 Muddling Through? 3.3.3 A Way Out: Distinguishing Fast and Slow Thinking 3.4 The Logic of Justification 3.4.1 Inductive Reasoning 3.4.2 Abductive Reasoning 3.4.3 Deductive Reasoning 3.4.4 Conditional Reasoning 3.4.5 Reasoning By Analogy Bibliography 4 Interactive Diplomacy: Game Theory and Rational Empathy 4.1 The One-Shot Prisoner’s Dilemma 4.2 The Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma – Tit for Tat 4.3 Other ‘Diplomatic’ Games 4.4 Rational Empathy – Entering Into Another’s Mind Bibliography 5 Logical Fallacies and Cognitive Traps 5.1 Logical and Quasi-Logical Fallacies 5.1.1 Logical Fallacies 5.1.2 Quasi-Logical Fallacies 5.2 Cognitive Traps Bibliography 6 Concepts and Principles in Diplomatic Thinking 6.1 The Nature of Concepts and Principles 6.2 A Diplomat’s Vocabulary 6.3 Concepts 6.3.1 Political Concepts 6.3.2 Security Concepts 6.3.3 Diplomatic Concepts 6.4 Principles 6.4.1 Legal Principles 6.4.2 Diplomatic Principles Bibliography Part III Diplomacy’s First Call: International Peace and Security 7 The Conflict Cycle 7.1 Security First 7.1.1 Hard and Soft Security 7.1.2 State Security Versus Human Security 7.1.3 Integrated Approach to Security 7.2 Pre-Conflict – Conflict Prevention 7.2.1 Conflict Analysis 7.2.2 Negotiation and Mediation 7.2.3 Early Warning 7.2.4 Preventive Diplomacy 7.2.5 Incentives and Disincentives 7.2.6 Deterrence 7.2.7 Last Effort Diplomacy 7.2.8 Pre-Conflict Diplomacy 7.3 From Pre-Conflict Prevention to Post-Conflict Management 7.4 Post-Conflict – Conflict Management and Resolution 7.4.1 No Relapse 7.4.2 Stability 7.4.3 State Building 7.4.4 Reconciliation and Transitional Justice 7.4.5 Reconstruction and Rehabilitation 7.5 Four Approaches to Peace – the UN Vocabulary 7.6 Preventive Diplomacy – Some Critical Remarks 7.7 Conflict and Track II Diplomacy Bibliography 8 Use of Force 8.1 Diplomacy and Use of Force 8.2 An Evolving Security Landscape – a Preliminary Warning 8.3 Forms of Use of Force 8.4 Legality of Use of Force 8.5 Legitimacy of Use of Force 8.6 Legality and Legitimacy – So, What? 8.7 Prudence in Use of Force 8.7.1 On Judgment, Wisdom, and Prudence 8.7.2 On Wars of Necessity and Wars of Choice 8.8 The Conduct of War 8.9 The End of War and Its Aftermath – Just Peace 8.10 Causes and Reasons of War 8.10.1 Causes 8.10.2 Reasons 8.11 Two Extremes – Nuclear War and Hybrid War 8.11.1 Nuclear War 8.11.1.1 Deterrence and Balance of Terror 8.11.1.2 No First Use (NFU) 8.11.1.3 Non-Proliferation 8.11.2 Hybrid War 8.11.2.1 Blurring Lines Between War and Peace 8.11.2.2 Key Features of Hybrid Warfare Bibliography Part IV The Normative Framework of Diplomacy 9 Diplomacy and International Law 9.1 Law and Diplomacy – an Ambiguous Relation 9.2 Why International Law? 9.2.1 Customary International Law 9.2.2 Treaty Law 9.2.3 Other Sources 9.2.4 Soft Law 9.2.5 Why Do States Seek to Establish International Law? 9.2.6 Why Do States Generally Comply With International Law? 9.2.7 What Happens When a State Breaks a Rule of International Law? 9.3 The State as Central Actor in International Politics 9.3.1 Statehood 9.3.2 Recognition of States 9.3.3 Establishment of Diplomatic Relations 9.4 General Political Principles of International Law 9.4.1 First Step: What Are the Principles? 9.4.2 Second Step: How Do the Principles Work? Bibliography 10 Human Rights and the Rule of Law 10.1 Some Preliminaries: Basic Concepts, Paradoxes, and Inconsistencies 10.1.1 The Nature of Human Rights 10.1.2 The ‘Legitimacy’ Question 10.1.3 The State Paradox 10.1.4 Confusing Immunities With Entitlements 10.2 Defending Human Rights – Three Conceptual Vulnerabilities 10.2.1 The Universality of Human Rights 10.2.2 The Proliferation of Human Rights 10.2.3 The Banalisation of Human Rights Discourse 10.2.4 How to Respond? 10.2.4.1 Universality 10.2.4.2 Proliferation 10.2.4.3 Banalisation 10.3 Defending Human Rights – a Legal Vulnerability 10.3.1 On Learning to Live With Ambiguity 10.3.2 On Ethical Foreign Policy 10.4 An Alternative – Defending the Rule of Law 10.4.1 The Minimalist Model 10.4.2 The Maximalist Model Bibliography Conclusion: Diplomacy as a Way of Life References Select Bibliography Index