Principles of physics

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Cover Title Page Copyright Contents 1 Measurement 1-1 MEASURING THINGS, INCLUDING LENGTHS What Is Physics? Measuring Things The International System of Units Changing Units Length Significant Figures and Decimal Places 1-2 TIME Time 1-3 MASS Mass REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 2 Motion Along a Straight Line 2-1 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT, AND AVERAGE VELOCITY What Is Physics? Motion Position and Displacement Average Velocity and Average Speed 2-2 INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND SPEED Instantaneous Velocity and Speed 2-3 ACCELERATION Acceleration 2-4 CONSTANT ACCELERATION Constant Acceleration: A Special Case Another Look at Constant Acceleration 2-5 FREE-FALL ACCELERATION Free-Fall Acceleration 2-6 GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION IN MOTION ANALYSIS Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 3 Vectors 3-1 VECTORS AND THEIR COMPONENTS What Is Physics? Vectors and Scalars Adding Vectors Geometrically Components of Vectors 3-2 UNIT VECTORS, ADDING VECTORS BY COMPONENTS Unit Vectors Adding Vectors by Components Vectors and the Laws of Physics 3-3 MULTIPLYING VECTORS Multiplying Vectors REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 4-1 POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT What Is Physics? Position and Displacement 4-2 AVERAGE VELOCITY AND INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity 4-3 AVERAGE ACCELERATION AND INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration 4-4 PROJECTILE MOTION Projectile Motion 4-5 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION Uniform Circular Motion 4-6 RELATIVE MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION Relative Motion in One Dimension 4-7 RELATIVE MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS Relative Motion in Two Dimensions REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 5 Force and Motion—I 5-1 NEWTON’S FIRST AND SECOND LAWS What Is Physics? Newtonian Mechanics Newton’s First Law Force Mass Newton’s Second Law 5-2 SOME PARTICULAR FORCES Some Particular Forces 5-3 APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS Newton’s Third Law Applying Newton’s Laws REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 6 Force and Motion—II 6-1 FRICTION What Is Physics? Friction Properties of Friction 6-2 THE DRAG FORCE AND TERMINAL SPEED The Drag Force and Terminal Speed 6-3 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION Uniform Circular Motion REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 7 Kinetic Energy and Work 7-1 KINETIC ENERGY What Is Physics? What Is Energy? Kinetic Energy 7-2 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY Work Work and Kinetic Energy 7-3 WORK DONE BY THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE Work Done by the Gravitational Force 7-4 WORK DONE BY A SPRING FORCE Work Done by a Spring Force 7-5 WORK DONE BY A GENERAL VARIABLE FORCE Work Done by a General Variable Force 7-6 POWER Power REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 8 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy 8-1 POTENTIAL ENERGY What Is Physics? Work and Potential Energy Path Independence of Conservative Forces Determining Potential Energy Values 8-2 CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY Conservation of Mechanical Energy 8-3 READING A POTENTIAL ENERGY CURVE Reading a Potential Energy Curve 8-4 WORK DONE ON A SYSTEM BY AN EXTERNAL FORCE Work Done on a System by an External Force 8-5 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Conservation of Energy REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum 9-1 CENTER OF MASS What Is Physics? The Center of Mass 9-2 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES Newton’s Second Law for a System of Particles 9-3 LINEAR MOMENTUM Linear Momentum The Linear Momentum of a System of Particles 9-4 COLLISION AND IMPULSE Collision and Impulse 9-5 CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM Conservation of Linear Momentum 9-6 MOMENTUM AND KINETIC ENERGY IN COLLISIONS Momentum and Kinetic Energy in Collisions Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension 9-7 ELASTIC COLLISIONS IN ONE DIMENSION Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 9-8 COLLISIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS Collisions in Two Dimensions 9-9 SYSTEMS WITH VARYING MASS: A ROCKET Systems with Varying Mass: A Rocket REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 10 Rotation 10-1 ROTATIONAL VARIABLES What Is Physics? Rotational Variables Are Angular Quantities Vectors? 10-2 ROTATION WITH CONSTANT ANGULAR ACCELERATION Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration 10-3 RELATING THE LINEAR AND ANGULAR VARIABLES Relating the Linear and Angular Variables 10-4 KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION Kinetic Energy of Rotation 10-5 CALCULATING THE ROTATIONAL INERTIA Calculating the Rotational Inertia 10-6 TORQUE Torque 10-7 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FOR ROTATION Newton’s Second Law for Rotation 10-8 WORK AND ROTATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY Work and Rotational Kinetic Energy REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum 11-1 ROLLING AS TRANSLATION AND ROTATION COMBINED What Is Physics? Rolling as Translation and Rotation Combined 11-2 FORCES AND KINETIC ENERGY OF ROLLING The Kinetic Energy of Rolling The Forces of Rolling 11-3 THE YO-YO The Yo-Yo 11-4 TORQUE REVISITED Torque Revisited 11-5 ANGULAR MOMENTUM Angular Momentum 11-6 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW IN ANGULAR FORM Newton’s Second Law in Angular Form 11-7 ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF A RIGID BODY The Angular Momentum of a System of Particles The Angular Momentum of a Rigid Body Rotating About a Fixed Axis 11-8 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM Conservation of Angular Momentum 11-9 PRECESSION OF A GYROSCOPE Precession of a Gyroscope REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 12 Equilibrium and Elasticity 12-1 EQUILIBRIUM What Is Physics? Equilibrium The Requirements of Equilibrium The Center of Gravity 12-2 SOME EXAMPLES OF STATIC EQUILIBRIUM Some Examples of Static Equilibrium 12-3 ELASTICITY Indeterminate Structures Elasticity REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 13 Gravitation 13-1 NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION What Is Physics? Newton’s Law of Gravitation 13-2 GRAVITATION AND THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION Gravitation and the Principle of Superposition 13-3 GRAVITATION NEAR EARTH’S SURFACE Gravitation Near Earth’s Surface 13-4 GRAVITATION INSIDE EARTH Gravitation Inside Earth 13-5 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Gravitational Potential Energy 13-6 PLANETS AND SATELLITES: KEPLER’S LAWS Planets and Satellites: Kepler’s Laws 13-7 SATELLITES: ORBITS AND ENERGY Satellites: Orbits and Energy 13-8 EINSTEIN AND GRAVITATION Einstein and Gravitation REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 14 Fluids 14-1 FLUIDS, DENSITY, AND PRESSURE What Is Physics? What Is a Fluid? Density and Pressure 14-2 FLUIDS AT REST Fluids at Rest 14-3 MEASURING PRESSURE Measuring Pressure 14-4 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE Pascal’s Principle 14-5 ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE Archimedes’ Principle 14-6 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY Ideal Fluids in Motion The Equation of Continuity 14-7 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION Bernoulli’s Equation REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 15 Oscillations 15-1 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION What Is Physics? Simple Harmonic Motion The Force Law for Simple Harmonic Motion 15-2 ENERGY IN SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion 15-3 AN ANGULAR SIMPLE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR An Angular Simple Harmonic Oscillator 15-4 PENDULUMS, CIRCULAR MOTION Pendulums Simple Harmonic Motion and Uniform Circular Motion 15-5 DAMPED SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION Damped Simple Harmonic Motion 15-6 FORCED OSCILLATIONS AND RESONANCE Forced Oscillations and Resonance REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 16 Waves—I 16-1 TRANSVERSE WAVES What Is Physics? Types of Waves Transverse and Longitudinal Waves Wavelength and Frequency The Speed of a Traveling Wave 16-2 WAVE SPEED ON A STRETCHED STRING Wave Speed on a Stretched String 16-3 ENERGY AND POWER OF A WAVE TRAVELING ALONG A STRING Energy and Power of a Wave Traveling Along a String 16-4 THE WAVE EQUATION The Wave Equation 16-5 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES The Principle of Superposition for Waves Interference of Waves 16-6 PHASORS Phasors 16-7 STANDING WAVES AND RESONANCE Standing Waves Standing Waves and Resonance REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 17 Waves—II 17-1 SPEED OF SOUND What Is Physics? Sound Waves The Speed of Sound 17-2 TRAVELING SOUND WAVES Traveling Sound Waves 17-3 INTERFERENCE Interference 17-4 INTENSITY AND SOUND LEVEL Intensity and Sound Level 17-5 SOURCES OF MUSICAL SOUND Sources of Musical Sound 17-6 BEATS Beats 17-7 THE DOPPLER EFFECT The Doppler Effect 17-8 SUPERSONIC SPEEDS, SHOCK WAVES Supersonic Speeds, Shock Waves REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 18-1 TEMPERATURE What Is Physics? Temperature The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Measuring Temperature 18-2 THE CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT SCALES The Celsius and Fahrenheit Scales 18-3 THERMAL EXPANSION Thermal Expansion 18-4 ABSORPTION OF HEAT Temperature and Heat The Absorption of Heat by Solids and Liquids 18-5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS A Closer Look at Heat and Work The First Law of Thermodynamics Some Special Cases of the First Law of Thermodynamics 18-6 HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS Heat Transfer Mechanisms REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 19 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 19-1 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER What Is Physics? Avogadro’s Number 19-2 IDEAL GASES Ideal Gases 19-3 PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, AND RMS SPEED Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed 19-4 TRANSLATIONAL KINETIC ENERGY Translational Kinetic Energy 19-5 MEAN FREE PATH Mean Free Path 19-6 THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOLECULAR SPEEDS The Distribution of Molecular Speeds 19-7 THE MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS OF AN IDEAL GAS The Molar Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 19-8 DEGREES OF FREEDOM AND MOLAR SPECIFIC HEATS Degrees of Freedom and Molar Specific Heats A Hint of Quantum Theory 19-9 THE ADIABATIC EXPANSION OF AN IDEAL GAS The Adiabatic Expansion of an Ideal Gas REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 20 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 20-1 ENTROPY What Is Physics? Irreversible Processes and Entropy Change in Entropy The Second Law of Thermodynamics 20-2 ENTROPY IN THE REAL WORLD: ENGINES Entropy in the Real World: Engines 20-3 REFRIGERATORS AND REAL ENGINES Entropy in the Real World: Refrigerators The Efficiencies of Real Engines 20-4 A STATISTICAL VIEW OF ENTROPY A Statistical View of Entropy REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 21 Coulomb’s Law 21-1 COULOMB’S LAW What Is Physics? Electric Charge Conductors and Insulators Coulomb’s Law 21-2 CHARGE IS QUANTIZED Charge Is Quantized 21-3 CHARGE IS CONSERVED Charge Is Conserved REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 22 Electric Fields 22-1 THE ELECTRIC FIELD What Is Physics? The Electric Field Electric Field Lines 22-2 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge 22-3 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A DIPOLE The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole 22-4 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A LINE OF CHARGE The Electric Field Due to Line of Charge 22-5 THE ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A CHARGED DISK The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk 22-6 A POINT CHARGE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD A Point Charge in an Electric Field 22-7 A DIPOLE IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD A Dipole in an Electric Field REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 23 Gauss’ Law 23-1 ELECTRIC FLUX What Is Physics Electric Flux 23-2 GAUSS’ LAW Gauss’ Law Gauss’ Law and Coulomb’s Law 23-3 A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR A Charged Isolated Conductor 23-4 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: CYLINDRICAL SYMMETRY Applying Gauss’ Law: Cylindrical Symmetry 23-5 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: PLANAR SYMMETRY Applying Gauss’ Law: Planar Symmetry 23-6 APPLYING GAUSS’ LAW: SPHERICAL SYMMETRY Applying Gauss’ Law: Spherical Symmetry REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 24 Electric Potential 24-1 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL What Is Physics? Electric Potential and Electric Potential Energy 24-2 EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES AND THE ELECTRIC FIELD Equipotential Surfaces Calculating the Potential from the Field 24-3 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CHARGED PARTICLE Potential Due to a Charged Particle Potential Due a Group of Charged Particles 24-4 POTENTIAL DUE TO AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 24-5 POTENTIAL DUE TO A CONTINUOUS CHARGE DISTRIBUTION Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution 24-6 CALCULATING THE FIELD FROM THE POTENTIAL Calculating the Field from the Potential 24-7 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF CHARGED PARTICLES Electric Potential Energy of a System of Charged Particles 24-8 POTENTIAL OF A CHARGED ISOLATED CONDUCTOR Potential of Charged Isolated Conductor REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 25 Capacitance 25-1 CAPACITANCE What Is Physics? Capacitance 25-2 CALCULATING THE CAPACITANCE Calculating the Capacitance 25-3 CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL AND IN SERIES Capacitors in Parallel and in Series 25-4 ENERGY STORED IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD Energy Stored in an Electric Field 25-5 CAPACITOR WITH A DIELECTRIC Capacitor with a Dielectric Dielectrics: An Atomic View 25-6 DIELECTRICS AND GAUSS’ LAW Dielectrics and Gauss’ Law REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 26 Current and Resistance 26-1 ELECTRIC CURRENT What Is Physics? Electric Current 26-2 CURRENT DENSITY Current Density 26-3 RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY Resistance and Resistivity 26-4 OHM’S LAW Ohm’s Law A Microscopic View of Ohm’s Law 26-5 POWER, SEMICONDUCTORS, SUPERCONDUCTORS Power in Electric Circuits Semiconductors Superconductors REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 27 Circuits 27-1 SINGLE-LOOP CIRCUITS What Is Physics? “Pumping” Charges Work, Energy, and Emf Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit Other Single-Loop Circuits Potential Difference Between Two Points 27-2 MULTILOOP CIRCUITS Multiloop Circuits 27-3 THE AMMETER AND THE VOLTMETER The Ammeter and the Voltmeter 27-4 RC CIRCUITS RC Circuits REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 28 Magnetic Fields 28-1 MAGNETIC FIELDS AND THE DEFINITION OF B What Is Physics? What Produces a Magnetic Field? The Definition of B 28-2 CROSSED FIELDS: DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron 28-3 CROSSED FIELDS: THE HALL EFFECT Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect 28-4 A CIRCULATING CHARGED PARTICLE A Circulating Charged Particle 28-5 CYCLOTRONS AND SYNCHROTRONS Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons 28-6 MAGNETIC FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire 28-7 TORQUE ON A CURRENT LOOP Torque on a Current Loop 28-8 THE MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT The Magnetic Dipole Moment REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 29 Magnetic Fields Due to Currents 29-1 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT What Is Physics? Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current 29-2 FORCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL CURRENTS Force Between Two Parallel Currents 29-3 AMPERE’S LAW Ampere’s Law 29-4 SOLENOIDS AND TOROIDS Solenoids and Toroids 29-5 A CURRENT-CARRYING COIL AS A MAGNETIC DIPOLE A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 30 Induction and Inductance 30-1 FARADAY’S LAW AND LENZ’S LAW What Is Physics Two Experiments Faraday’s Law of Induction Lenz’s Law 30-2 INDUCTION AND ENERGY TRANSFERS Induction and Energy Transfers 30-3 INDUCED ELECTRIC FIELDS Induced Electric Fields 30-4 INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE Inductors and Inductance 30-5 SELF-INDUCTION Self-Induction 30-6 RL CIRCUITS RL Circuits 30-7 ENERGY STORED IN A MAGNETIC FIELD Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field 30-8 ENERGY DENSITY OF A MAGNETIC FIELD Energy Density of a Magnetic Field 30-9 MUTUAL INDUCTION Mutual Induction REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 31 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current 31-1 LC OSCILLATIONS What Is Physics? LC Oscillations, Qualitatively The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy LC Oscillations, Quantitatively 31-2 DAMPED OSCILLATIONS IN AN RLC CIRCUIT Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit 31-3 FORCED OSCILLATIONS OF THREE SIMPLE CIRCUITS Alternating Current Forced Oscillations Three Simple Circuits 31-4 THE SERIES RLC CIRCUIT The Series RLC Circuit 31-5 POWER IN ALTERNATING-CURRENT CIRCUITS Power in Alternating-Current Circuits 31-6 TRANSFORMERS Transformers REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 32 Maxwell’s Equations; Magnetism of Matter 32-1 GAUSS’ LAW FOR MAGNETIC FIELDS What Is Physics? Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields 32-2 INDUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS Induced Magnetic Fields 32-3 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT Displacement Current Maxwell’s Equations 32-4 MAGNETS Magnets 32-5 MAGNETISM AND ELECTRONS Magnetism and Electrons Magnetic Materials 32-6 DIAMAGNETISM Diamagnetism 32-7 PARAMAGNETISM Paramagnetism 32-8 FERROMAGNETISM Ferromagnetism REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 33 Electromagnetic Waves 33-1 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES What Is Physics? Maxwell’s Rainbow The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Qualitatively The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave, Quantitatively 33-2 ENERGY TRANSPORT AND THE POYNTING VECTOR Energy Transport and the Poynting Vector 33-3 RADIATION PRESSURE Radiation Pressure 33-4 POLARIZATION Polarization 33-5 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION Reflection and Refraction 33-6 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION Total Internal Reflection 33-7 POLARIZATION BY REFLECTION Polarization by Reflection REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 34 Images 34-1 IMAGES AND PLANE MIRRORS What Is Physics? Two Types of Image Plane Mirrors 34-2 SPHERICAL MIRRORS Spherical Mirrors Images from Spherical Mirrors 34-3 SPHERICAL REFRACTING SURFACES Spherical Refracting Surfaces 34-4 THIN LENSES Thin Lenses 34-5 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS Optical Instruments 34-6 THREE PROOFS REVIEW & SUMMARY 936 PROBLEMS 35 Interference 35-1 LIGHT AS A WAVE What Is Physics? Light as a Wave 35-2 YOUNG’S INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENT Diffraction Young’s Interference Experiment 35-3 INTERFERENCE AND DOUBLE-SLIT INTENSITY Coherence Intensity in Double-Slit Interference 35-4 INTERFERENCE FROM THIN FILMS Interference from Thin Films 35-5 MICHELSON’S INTERFEROMETER Michelson’s Interferometer REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 36 Diffraction 36-1 SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION What Is Physics? Diffraction and the Wave Theory of Light Diffraction by a Single Slit: Locating the Minima 36-2 INTENSITY IN SINGLE-SLIT DIFFRACTION Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Qualitatively Intensity in Single-Slit Diffraction, Quantitatively 36-3 DIFFRACTION BY A CIRCULAR APERTURE Diffraction by a Circular Aperture 36-4 DIFFRACTION BY A DOUBLE SLIT Diffraction by a Double Slit 36-5 DIFFRACTION GRATINGS Diffraction Gratings 36-6 GRATINGS: DISPERSION AND RESOLVING POWER Gratings: Dispersion and Resolving Power 36-7 X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-Ray Diffraction REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 37 Relativity 37-1 SIMULTANEITY AND TIME DILATION What Is Physics? The Postulates Measuring an Event The Relativity of Simultaneity The Relativity of Time 37-2 THE RELATIVITY OF LENGTH The Relativity of Length 37-3 THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION The Lorentz Transformation Some Consequences of the Lorentz Equations 37-4 THE RELATIVITY OF VELOCITIES The Relativity of Velocities 37-5 DOPPLER EFFECT FOR LIGHT Doppler Effect for Light 37-6 MOMENTUM AND ENERGY A New Look at Momentum A New Look at Energy REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 38 Photons and Matter Waves 38-1 THE PHOTON, THE QUANTUM OF LIGHT What Is Physics? The Photon, the Quantum of Light 38-2 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT The Photoelectric Effect 38-3 PHOTONS, MOMENTUM, COMPTON SCATTERING, LIGHT INTERFERENCE Photons Have Momentum Light as a Probability Wave 38-4 THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM PHYSICS The Birth of Quantum Physics 38-5 ELECTRONS AND MATTER WAVES Electrons and Matter Waves 38-6 SCHRÖDINGER’S EQUATION Schrödinger’s Equation 38-7 HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 38-8 REFLECTION FROM A POTENTIAL STEP Reflection from a Potential Step 38-9 TUNNELING THROUGH A POTENTIAL BARRIER Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 39 More About Matter Waves 39-1 ENERGIES OF A TRAPPED ELECTRON What Is Physics? String Waves and Matter Waves Energies of a Trapped Electron 39-2 WAVE FUNCTIONS OF A TRAPPED ELECTRON Wave Functions of a Trapped Electron 39-3 AN ELECTRON IN A FINITE WELL An Electron in a Finite Well 39-4 TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON TRAPS More Electron Traps Two- and Three-Dimensional Electron Traps 39-5 THE HYDROGEN ATOM The Hydrogen Atom Is an Electron Trap The Bohr Model of Hydrogen, a Lucky Break Schrödinger’s Equation and the Hydrogen Atom REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 40 All About Atoms 40-1 PROPERTIES OF ATOMS What Is Physics? Some Properties of Atoms Angular Momentum, Magnetic Dipole Moments 40-2 THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT The Stern-Gerlach Experiment 40-3 MAGNETIC RESONANCE Magnetic Resonance 40-4 EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE AND MULTIPLE ELECTRONS IN A TRAP The Pauli Exclusion Principle Multiple Electrons in Rectangular Traps 40-5 BUILDING THE PERIODIC TABLE Building the Periodic Table 40-6 X RAYS AND THE ORDERING OF THE ELEMENTS X Rays and the Ordering of the Elements 40-7 LASERS Lasers and Laser Light How Lasers Work REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 41 Conduction of Electricity in Solids 41-1 THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS What Is Physics? The Electrical Properties of Solids Energy Levels in a Crystalline Solid Insulators Metals 41-2 SEMICONDUCTORS AND DOPING Semiconductors Doped Semiconductors 41-3 THE p-n JUNCTION AND THE TRANSISTOR The p-n Junction The Junction Rectifier The Light-Emitting Diode (LED) The Transistor REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 42 Nuclear Physics 42-1 DISCOVERING THE NUCLEUS What Is Physics? Discovering the Nucleus 42-2 SOME NUCLEAR PROPERTIES Some Nuclear Properties 42-3 RADIOACTIVE DECAY Radioactive Decay 42-4 ALPHA DECAY Alpha Decay 42-5 BETA DECAY Beta Decay 42-6 RADIOACTIVE DATING Radioactive Dating 42-7 MEASURING RADIATION DOSAGE Measuring Radiation Dosage 42-8 NUCLEAR MODELS Nuclear Models REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 43 Energy from the Nucleus 43-1 NUCLEAR FISSION What Is Physics? Nuclear Fission: The Basic Process A Model for Nuclear Fission 43-2 THE NUCLEAR REACTOR The Nuclear Reactor 43-3 A NATURAL NUCLEAR REACTOR A Natural Nuclear Reactor 43-4 THERMONUCLEAR FUSION: THE BASIC PROCESS Thermonuclear Fusion: The Basic Process 43-5 THERMONUCLEAR FUSION IN THE SUN AND OTHER STARS Thermonuclear Fusion in the Sun and Other Stars 43-6 CONTROLLED THERMONUCLEAR FUSION Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS 44 Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang 44-1 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES What Is Physics? Particles, Particles, Particles An Interlude 44-2 LEPTONS, HADRONS, AND STRANGENESS The Leptons The Hadrons Still Another Conservation Law The Eightfold Way 44-3 QUARKS AND MESSENGER PARTICLES The Quark Model Basic Forces and Messenger Particles 44-4 COSMOLOGY A Pause for Reflection The Universe Is Expanding The Cosmic Background Radiation Dark Matter The Big Bang A Summing Up REVIEW & SUMMARY PROBLEMS APPENDICES A: The International System of Units (SI) B: Some Fundamental Constants of Physics C: Some Astronomical Data D: Conversion Factors E: Mathematical Formulas F: Properties of The Elements G: Periodic Table of The Elements ANSWERS to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Problems INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z WPS Office PDF Bookmark 182 What Is Physics? Every mechanical engineer who is hired as a courtroom expert witness to recon