Cephalopod Behaviour

Description

With their large brains, elaborate sense organs and complex behaviour, cephalopods are among the world's most highly evolved invertebrates. This second edition summarises the wealth of exciting new research data stemming from over five hundred papers published since the first volume appeared. It adopts a comparative approach to causation, function, development and evolution as it explores cephalopod behaviour in natural habitats and the laboratory. Extensive colour and black-and-white photography illustrates various aspects of cephalopod behaviour to complement the scientific analysis. Covering the major octopus, squid and cuttlefish species, as well as the shelled Nautilus, this is an essential resource for undergraduate and advanced students of animal behaviour, as well as researchers new to cephalopods, in fields such as neuroscience and conservation biology. By highlighting the gaps in current knowledge, the text looks to inform and to stimulate further study of these enigmatic and beautiful animals. Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Dedication Table of contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgements Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Aims and Perspective 1.2 Classification and Phylogeny 1.3 Evolution and Behaviour 1.4 Studying Cephalopod Behaviour 1.4.1 Laboratory Studies 1.4.2 Studies at Sea SCUBA Diving Oceanographic Research Vessels Submersible Vehicles Acoustic Sensing of Squid Telemetry Recording Behaviour Visually 1.4.3 Indirect Methods The Study of Beaks The Study of the Brain DNA Fingerprinting Anecdote 1.5 Summary Chapter Two Senses, Effectors and the Brain 2.1 Sense Organs 2.1.1 Photoreceptors Eyes Polarisation Vision Colour blindness Photosensitive Vesicles 2.1.2 Mechanoreceptors Statocysts ‘Hearing’ Lateral Line Analogue Neck Proprioceptive Hair Cells Touch and Pressure Receptors 2.1.3 Chemoreceptors 2.1.4 Other Possible Senses 2.2 Effectors 2.2.1 Muscles 2.2.2 Chromatophore Organs 2.2.3 Iridophores and Leucophores 2.2.4 Photophores 2.2.5 Ink Sac 2.2.6 Suckers 2.2.7 The Buccal Mass: Beak, Radula and the Salivary System 2.2.8 Adhesive Devices 2.3 The Brain 2.4 Summary and Future Research Directions Chapter Three Body Patterning and Colour Change 3.1 The Organisation of Body Patterns 3.1.1 Elements 3.1.2 Units 3.1.3 Components 3.1.4 Body Patterns 3.1.5 The Patterning Hierarchy 3.1.6 Spectral Characteristics of Cephalopod Skin 3.2 Control of Body Patterning 3.2.1 The Chromatophore Motor System in the Brain 3.2.2 Visual Perception and Camouflage 3.3 The Significance of Neural Control: Polyphenism and Speed 3.4 Body Patterns and Behaviour 3.4.1 How Body Patterns Are Used Behaviourally 3.4.2 Ecological and Social Correlates of Body Patterning 3.5 Summary and Future Research Directions Chapter Four Feeding and Foraging 4.1 Morphological Adaptations for Feeding 4.2 Detecting and Recognising Prey 4.3 Capturing Prey 4.3.1 Visual Attack Sequences 4.3.2 Tactile Feeding 4.4 Modes of Hunting 4.4.1 Ambushing 4.4.2 Luring 4.4.3 Stalking 4.4.4 Pursuit 4.4.5 Speculative Hunting 4.4.6 Hunting in Disguise 4.4.7 Cooperative Hunting? 4.5 Foraging Strategies 4.6 Prey Types and the Ontogeny of Feeding 4.6.1 Paralarval Feeding 4.6.2 Diet Changes During Ontogeny 4.7 Cannibalism 4.8 Summary and Future Research Directions Chapter Five Defence 5.1 Primary Defence: Camouflage 5.1.1 Crypsis Background matching Disruptive patterning Distractive markings Countershading, Concealment of the Shadow, and Transparency Dynamic Night Camouflage Motion Camouflage 5.1.2 Masquerade 5.1.3 Mimicry 5.1.4 How Many Camouflage Patterns Are There? 5.1.5 Rarity Through Rapid Neural Polyphenism 5.1.6 Cryptic Behaviour and Vigilance 5.2 Secondary Defences 5.2.1 ‘Wait and See’ Assessment 5.2.2 Flight 5.2.3 Deimatic Behaviour 5.2.4 Protean Behaviour 5.2.5 Other Defences Inking Deflective Marks Defensive Postures and Autotomy Retaliation? Schooling 5.3 Some Defence Sequences 5.3.1 Young Cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis, in the Field 5.3.2 Sepia officinalis in Laboratory Experiments 5.3.3 Squid, Sepioteuthis sepioidea, in the Field 5.3.4 Squid, Loligo pealeii, in Laboratory Experiments 5.3.5 Influence of Injury on Squid Defence Tactics 5.3.6 Octopus vulgaris in the Field 5.4 Predators of Cephalopods 5.5 Summary and Future Research Directions Chapter Six Reproductive Behaviour 6.1 Anatomy, Sexual Dimorphism and Reproductive Physiology 6.2 Agonistic, Courtship and Mating Behaviour in Cuttlefish and Other Sepioids 6.2.1 Sepia apama 6.2.2 Sepia officinalis 6.2.3 Sepia latimanus 6.2.4 Small Sepioids: Pygmy, Bobtail and Bottletail 6.3 Agonistic, Courtship and Mating Behaviour in Squid 6.3.1 Sepioteuthis sepioidea 6.3.2 Sepioteuthis australis 6.3.3 Loligo pealeii 6.3.4 Other Loligo and Doryteuthis Squid 6.3.5 Oceanic and Deep-Sea Cephalopods 6.4 Agonistic, Courtship and Mating Behaviour in Octopuses 6.4.1 Octopus vulgaris and Octopus cyanea 6.4.2 Abdopus aculeatus 6.4.3 Sexual Cannibalism 6.4.4 Reproductive Behaviour in Other Octopods 6.5 Fertilisation, Egg Deposition, Egg Care and Parental Death 6.6 Reproductive Strategies 6.6.1 Mating Systems 6.6.2 Intrasexual Selection: Male Fighting Tactics 6.6.3 Intersexual Selection: Female Choice, Male Ornamentation and Sexual Mimicry 6.6.4 Postcopulatory Sexual Selection: Sperm Competition and Cryptic Female Choice 6.6.5 Semelparity, Iteroparity and Reproductive Success 6.7 Summary and Future Research Directions Chapter Seven Communication 7.1 Signals and Displays 7.1.1 Definitions and Concepts 7.1.2 Signalling Behaviour in Cephalopods 7.2 Communication Modalities in Cephalopods 7.3 Visual Signalling in Cephalopods 7.3.1 The Nature and Uses of Visual Signals 7.3.2 Advantages of Signalling with Chromatophores or Reflectors 7.3.3 Limitations of Visual Signalling 7.3.4 Language? 7.4 Summary and Future Research Directions Chapter Eight The Development of Behaviour, Learning and Cognition 8.1 Development 8.1.1 Development of the Escape Response in Squid 8.1.2 Development of Body Patterning 8.1.3 Development of Prey Capture in Sepia officinalis 8.2 Learning 8.2.1 Habituation and Sensitisation 8.2.2 Associative Learning 8.2.3 Spatial Learning 8.2.4 Social Learning 8.2.5 Short- and Long-Term Memories 8.2.6 Changes in Learning Capacity with Age 8.3 Cognition 8.3.1 Perceptual Processes in Visual Learning 8.3.2 Tool Use, Play and Exploration 8.4 Individual Differences in Behaviour: ‘Personalities’ 8.5 Summary and Future Research Directions Chapter Nine Ecological Aspects of Behaviour 9.1 Life Cycles 9.2 Shoaling and Social Organisation 9.2.1 Octopuses and Cuttlefish 9.2.2 Squid 9.3 Interspecific Associations 9.4 Competition for Resources 9.5 Dispersal and Horizontal Migration 9.5.1 Paralarval Dispersal 9.5.2 Migration Patterns 9.6 Vertical Migration and Activity Patterns 9.7 Life in the Deep Sea 9.7.1 Light Organs and Bioluminescence 9.7.2 Large Squid and the Giant Squid, Architeuthis 9.8 Food Webs and Community Structure 9.9 Summary and Future Research Directions Chapter Ten Nautilus 10.1 Major Body Features 10.2 Behaviour and Ecology 10.3 Reproduction and Growth 10.4 The Development of Behaviour and Learning 10.5 Summary and Future Research Directions Chapter Eleven Synthesis: Brains, Behaviour and the Future References Scientific Names Index of Organisms Subject Index