Comprehensive Diagnostic Approach to Bladder. Cancer Molecular Imaging and Biomarkers

Description

Foreword Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: Trends and Disparities Incidence and Natural History Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Metastatic Bladder Cancer Variant Histology National and Global Trends Disparities in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Bladder Cancer Gender Race Insurance Geography Financial Toxicity Disparities in Survivorship Urinary Diversion Sexual Function Conclusion References Chapter 2: Environmental and Genetic Factors Contributing to Bladder Carcinogenesis Introduction Environmental Risk Factors Arsenic Aristolochia Diet Food Fluid Intake Vitamins Medications Cyclophosphamide Pioglitazone Phenacetin Radiation Immunosuppression Infection Recurrent Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections Schistosoma haematobium Epstein–Barr Virus Neisseria gonorrhea Human papillomavirus Polyomaviruses Smoking Cigarette Smoking Electronic Cigarettes Others Gender Race Occupational Risk Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons Hair Dye Genetic Predisposition Genetic Polymorphisms Germline Mutations Conclusion References Chapter 3: Strategies for Bladder Cancer Screening Introduction Rationale for Screening High-Risk Populations Age Cigarette Smoking Prior Screening Trials: Comparing Cohorts and Methods of Screening Urine Dipstick (Chemical Reagent Strip for Hemoglobin) Urine Cytology Other Urinary Biomarkers Looking Forward: Design of and Challenges in an Ongoing Bladder Cancer Screening Trial References Chapter 4: Staging of Bladder Cancer Introduction Diagnosis Staging Modalities TURBT Cystoscopy Enhancements Resection Method Influence of Energy Type Special Staging Circumstances: Diverticulae Bimanual Exam Accuracy of Staging: Importance of Repeat TURBT Imaging Staging Current TNM Staging Historical Considerations and Updates Risk Stratification Schema Surveillance Protocols Non-muscle-Invasive Disease Recurrence After BCG Conclusion References Chapter 5: Conventional and Investigational Imaging Modalities Introduction Role of Imaging in the Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer and Directing the Therapeutic Approach Imaging Modalities Ultrasound Imaging Technique Imaging Role, Clinical Impact, and Accuracy of US Computed Tomography Imaging Technique Imaging Role, Clinical Impact, and Accuracy of CT Magnetic Resonance Imaging Imaging Technique MR Urography Bladder Cancer Staging Imaging Role, Clinical Impact, and Accuracy of MR MR Urography Bladder Cancer Staging T Staging N Staging Radiomics and Bladder Cancer Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 6: Evaluation of Hematuria Epidemiology and Definitions of Hematuria Etiologies of Hematuria Pseudohematuria Benign Causes of Hematuria Malignant Causes of Hematuria Indications for Workup of Hematuria AUA Guideline Review Variation Among International Hematuria Guidelines Patient History and Unique Patient Circumstances Women Antithrombotics Components of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Hematuria Cystoscopy Upper Tract Imaging Cross-Sectional Imaging with Contrast Enhancement Renal Ultrasound Urine Cytology Future Potential Use of Urine Markers and Biomarkers Risks Associated with Evaluation Novel Risk Stratification Approaches for Microscopic Hematuria Conclusion References Chapter 7: Molecular Imaging Modalities: Applications of Current and Novel Radiotracers Introduction Assessment of Residual Tumor After TURBT Bladder Cancer Staging 18F-FDG PET/CT Primary Tumor Staging Lymph Node Staging 18F-FDG PET/MRI 11C-Choline PET/CT 11C-Acetate PET Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Detection of Bone Metastases Radiotracers and Immunotherapy Investigational Radiotracers Imaging Guidelines Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer Conclusions References Chapter 8: Optical Techniques for Bladder Cancer Detection: The Role of Cystoscopy and Enhanced Cystoscopy Standard White Light Cystoscopy Techniques to Reduce Pain Use of Antibiotics Enhanced Cystoscopic Modalities Narrow-Band Imaging Blue Light Cystoscopy with TURBT Flexible Blue Light Cystoscopy Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging AUA/SUO Guidelines Future Directions Conclusion References Chapter 9: Urine Cytology in the Clinical Management of Bladder Cancer Introduction Urinary Tract Cytomorphology and the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS) Urine Cytology in Clinical Practice Methods of Obtaining Urine Cytology Specimen Preparation and Adequacy Assessment Performance Characteristics of Urine Cytology in Detecting Clinically Significant UC of the Bladder Urine Cytology in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Hematuria Urine Cytology for Surveillance of UC of the Bladder Conclusion References Chapter 10: Urinary Biomarkers: Current Status and Future Opportunities Introduction Defining an Ideal Bladder Cancer Diagnosis and Surveillance Test Current Commercially Available Tests for Bladder Cancer Diagnosis UroVysion Bladder Tumor Antigen (BTA) Cx Bladder NMP22 BladderChek Xpert Detection UroSEEK AssureMDx Current Commercial Tests for Bladder Cancer Surveillance UroVysion ImmunoCyt/uCyt+ BTA Stat/BTA Trak NMP22 BladderChek/NMP22-BC Cx Bladder Monitor Uromonitor Epicheck Potential Urinary Biomarkers Protein Biomarkers Genomic Biomarkers Telomerase Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Aurora Kinase A Epigenetic Biomarkers DNA Methylation MicroRNAs Transcriptomic Biomarkers Inflammatory Biomarkers Metabolic Biomarkers Combination Biomarkers Conclusions References Chapter 11: Bladder Cancer Genomics: Indications for Sequencing and Diagnostic Implications Introduction Primer on Next-Generation Sequencing Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Advanced and Metastatic Bladder Cancer Germline Alterations Liquid Biopsy Circulating Tumor Cells and Cell-Free Tumor DNA Urinary Cell-Free Tumor DNA Guidelines and Practical Approach Conclusions References Chapter 12: Novel and Investigational Diagnostics: Liquid Biopsy and Beyond Introduction Circulating Tumor Cells Circulating Tumor DNA Circulating Tumor RNA Metabolites Other Serum-Based Biomarkers Conclusion References Index