AP Biology: With 2 Practice Tests (Barron's Test Prep)

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Title Page About the Author Dedication Acknowledgments Copyright Contents Barron’s Essential 5 Part 1: Introduction 1. About the AP Biology Exam What’s in This Updated Review Book? What Are the AP Exam Questions Like? Exam Format Grades on the Exam Tips for Section I Tips for Section II Part 2: Subject Area Review 2. Biochemistry Introduction Atomic Structure Bonding Molecules—Polar and Nonpolar Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Substances Properties of Water pH Isomers Organic Compounds Protein Folding Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 3. The Cell Introduction Structure and Function of the Cell Transport Into and Out of the Cell Cell Communication Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 4. Cell Cycle Introduction The Cell Cycle Cell Division and Cancerous Cells Meiosis Meiosis and Genetic Variation Regulation and Timing of the Cell Cycle Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 5. Energy, Metabolism, and Enzymes Introduction Energy Metabolism Enzyme-Controlled Reactions Characteristics of Enzymes Inhibition of Enzymatic Reactions Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 6. Cell Respiration Introduction ATP—Adenosine Triphosphate Glycolysis Structure of the Mitochondrion Aerobic Respiration: The Citric Acid Cycle NAD+ and FAD Aerobic Respiration: The Electron Transport Chain Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis Summary of ATP Production Anaerobic Respiration—Fermentation Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 7. Photosynthesis Introduction Photosynthetic Pigments The Chloroplast Photosystems Light-Dependent Reactions—The Light Reactions Light-Independent Reactions—The Calvin Cycle Photorespiration Modifications for Dry Environments Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 8. Heredity Introduction Basics of Probability Law of Dominance Law of Segregation Monohybrid Cross Backcross or Testcross Law of Independent Assortment Beyond Mendelian Inheritance Polygenic Inheritance More Exceptions to Mendelian Inheritance Genes and the Environment Linked Genes Crossover and Linkage Mapping The Pedigree X Inactivation—The Barr Body Mutations Nondisjunction Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 9. The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Introduction The Search for Heritable Material Structure of Nucleic Acids DNA Replication in Eukaryotes From DNA to Protein Gene Mutation The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria Prions The Human Genome Regulation of Gene Expression Recombinant DNA; Cloning Genes Tools and Techniques of Biotechnology Ethical Considerations Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 10. Biological Diversity Introduction The Three-Domain Classification System Evolutionary Trends in Animals Phylogenetic Trees Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 11. Evolution Introduction History of Earth Evidence for Evolution Historical Context for Evolutionary Theory Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection Types of Selection Preserving Variation in a Population Causes of Evolution of a Population Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium—Characteristics of Stable Populations Speciation and Reproductive Isolation Patterns of Evolution Modern Theory of Evolution Evo-Devo The Origin of Life RNA World Exaptation Half-Life Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 12. Ecology Introduction Properties of Populations Population Growth Community Ecology Energy Flow and Primary Production Energy Flow and the Food Chain Ecological Succession Biomes Chemical Cycles Humans and the Biosphere Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 13. Animal Behavior Introduction Fixed Action Pattern Migration Animal Signals and Communication Learning Modifies Behavior Social Behavior Natural Selection and Reproductive Success Evolution of Behavior Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained Part 3: Illustrative Examples Review 14. Plants Introduction Strategies That Enabled Plants to Move to Land The Leaf Transport in Plants Water Potential and Passive Transport Plant Responses to Stimuli Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 15. Human Physiology Introduction Digestion in Different Animals Digestion in Humans Gas Exchange in Different Animals Gas Exchange in Humans Circulation in Different Animals Human Circulation Osmoregulation Excretion Muscle Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 16. Endocrine and Nervous Systems Introduction Chemical Signals Feedback Mechanisms How Hormones Trigger a Response in Target Cells Temperature Regulation Nervous System Organization of the Human Brain Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 17. The Human Immune System Introduction Nonspecific Innate Defense Mechanisms Adaptive Immunity Types of Immunity Blood Groups and Transfusion AIDS Positive Feedback in the Immune System Other Topics in Immunity Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained 18. Animal Reproduction and Development Introduction Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Embryonic Development Factors That Influence Embryonic Development Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained Part 4: Investigative Labs 19. Investigative Labs Introduction Graphing Histograms Dealing with Data Designing an Experiment Lab #1: Artificial Selection Lab #2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Lab #3: BLAST—Comparing DNA Sequences Lab #4: Diffusion and Osmosis Lab #5: Photosynthesis Lab #6: Cell Respiration Lab #7: Cell Division—Mitosis and Meiosis Lab #8: Biotechnology—Bacterial Transformation Lab #9: Biotechnology—Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Lab #10: Energy Dynamics—Food Chain Lab #11: Transpiration Lab #12: Animal Behavior Lab #13: Enzyme Catalysis How to Calculate The Rate of an Enzyme-Mediated Reaction Chi-Square Test and Null Hypothesis Chapter Summary Practice Questions Answers Explained Part 5: Scoring for Section II of the AP Biology Exam 20. How the College Board Grades Your Answers to the Free-Response Questions Introduction Long Free-Response Question Sample Answer Analysis of Sample Answer Short Free-Response Question Sample Answer Analysis of Sample Answer Part 6: Practice Tests Practice Test 1 Answer Key Answers Explained Practice Test 2 Answer Key Answers Explained Part 7: Appendixes Appendix A: Bibliography Appendix B: Measurements Used in Biology Appendix C: Reference Tables Appendix D: Glossary Index