Next Generation Smart Nano-Bio-Devices

Description

This book addresses challenges for the development of a point-of-care-test platform. The book describes printed chip-based assay (Lab-on-a-Chip, Lab-on-a-PCB) for rapid, inexpensive biomarkers detection in real samples. The main challenges of point-of-care testing require implementing complex analytical methods into low-cost technologies. This is particularly true for countries with less developed healthcare infrastructure. Washing-free, Lab-on-Chip, and Lab-on-PCB techniques are very simple and innovative for point-of-care device development. The redox cycling technology detects several interesting targets at the same time on a printed chip. The proposed areas are inherently cross-disciplinary, combining expertise in biosensing, electrochemistry, electronics and electrical engineering, health care, and manufacturing. This book focuses on recent advances and different research issues in the nanobiotechnology-enabled biosensor technology and also seeks out theoretical, methodological, well-established, and validated empirical work dealing with these different topics. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors 1 Aspects of Biosensors with Refers to Emerging Implications of Artificial Intelligence, Big Data and Analytics: The Changing Healthcare–A General Review 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objective 1.3 Methods 1.4 Biosensors: Fundamentals and Types 1.4.1 Electrochemical Biosensor 1.4.2 Physical Biosensor 1.4.3 Optical Biosensor 1.5 Biosensors and Information Technological Involvement 1.6 Artificial Intelligence Basics with Biosensors and Smart Biodevices 1.6.1 In Categorization 1.6.2 In Detecting and Finding Anomalies 1.6.3 In Reducing Noise on the Sensor Systems 1.6.4 In Identification of the Patterns 1.7 Big Data Analytics, Allied Technologies and Biosensing 1.8 Biosensor, Futuristic Healthcare: Some Important Perspective 1.9 Conclusion References 2 On Few Electronic Properties of Nanowires of Heavily Doped Biosensing Materials 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Theoretical Background 2.3 Results and Discussion 2.4 Conclusion References 3 Overview of Biosensors and Its Application in Health Care 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Components of a Biosensor 3.3 General Features and Characteristics of Biosensors 3.4 Basic Principle and Working Mechanism of Biosensor 3.5 Evolution of Biosensor 3.6 Types of Biosensors 3.7 General Working Principle of Immunosensors 3.8 Wearable Biosensor 3.9 Types of Wearable Biosensors and Their Applications 3.9.1 Smart Socks 3.9.2 Ring Sensors 3.9.3 Smart Shirt 3.9.4 Smart Clothing for Premature Babies 3.9.5 Digital Clothing for Examining Mental Status 3.9.6 Benefits of Wearable Biosensors 3.9.7 Enzyme-Based Biosensors 3.9.8 DNA Biosensor 3.9.9 Biosensors Applications in Medical Field 3.10 Conclusion References 4 Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)-Based Biosensor for Life Sciences Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Graphene-Based Biosensors 4.2.1 DNA Biosensors Based on Graphene 4.2.2 Graphene-Based Bacteria Detection Biosensors 4.2.3 Graphene-Based Glucose Biosensors 4.2.4 Graphene-Based Cholesterol Biosensors 4.2.5 Graphene-Based Haemoglobin Biosensors 4.2.6 Graphene-Based Biosensors for Protein Biomarkers 4.3 CNTs-Based Biosensors 4.3.1 Immobilisation of Enzymes for Biosensors 4.3.2 Practical Concerns of CNT-Based Biosensor 4.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 4.5 Conclusions References 5 An Overview of Integrated Miniaturized/Microfluidic Electrochemical Biosensor Platforms for Health Care Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Types of Biosensors 5.1.2 Matrices for Biosensors 5.1.3 Physico-chemical Characterization Techniques for Biosensors 5.1.4 Microfluidic and Miniaturized Devices 5.2 Microfluidic/Miniaturized Electrochemical Biosensors 5.2.1 Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor 5.2.2 Antibody-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor (Immunosensor) 5.2.3 DNA-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor 5.2.4 Live Cells-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor 5.2.5 Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor 5.3 Conclusion and Future Outlook References 6 Application of Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Healthcare Diagnostics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Application of Carbon Allotrope-Based Nano Biosensors 6.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 6.2.2 Graphene 6.2.3 Nanodiamonds 6.3 Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors 6.3.1 Nanowires 6.3.2 Nanowire-Based Sensors 6.3.3 Quantum Dots 6.3.4 Quantum Dot-Based Sensors 6.3.5 NWFET-Based Sensors 6.3.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Nanomaterials and Nanodevices for Treating Human Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases: Bane or Boon for Human Health? 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nanoparticles: Bioactivities and Molecular Mechanism(s) of Effectiveness 7.3 Current Scenario of Nanomaterials-Based Treatment 7.4 Toxicology of Bioactive Nanomaterials 7.5 Prospects and Challenges References 8 Design and Analysis of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Biosensor Device for Identification of Cancerous Cells 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Theoretical Formulation 8.3 Results Analysis 8.4 Conclusions References 9 Dielectric-Modulated Biosensor Based on Vertical Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Dielectric-Modulated Vertical TFET Biosensor: Concept, Geometry and Simulation Strategies 9.2.1 Working Methodologies 9.2.2 Geometry 9.2.3 Simulation Strategies 9.3 Vertical TFET as Dielectric-Modulated Biosensor 9.4 Sensitivity Measurement 9.5 Non-ideal Hybridization of Biomolecules Inside the Nanogaps 9.5.1 Steric Hindrance 9.5.2 Receptor Placement 9.6 Sensing Parameters of VTFET Biosensor 9.6.1 Biomolecules Carrying Negative Charge 9.6.2 Biomolecules Carrying Positive Charge 9.6.3 Step Profiles of Biomolecules Inside the Nanogaps 9.6.4 Response Time and Lower Limit of Detection 9.6.5 Status of VTFET Biosensor 9.7 Conclusion References 10 Electrochemical Biosensor Designs Used for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Virus: A Review 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Biosensors 10.1.2 Designs and Principles 10.2 Some Designs of Electrochemical Biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Detection 10.2.1 Electrochemical—Amperometry 10.2.2 Electrochemical—Paper-Based Amperometry 10.2.3 Electrochemical—Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) 10.2.4 Electrochemical—Electrochemical Impedance-Based Sensing (EIS) 10.2.5 Electrochemical—Semiconductor Analyzer 10.2.6 Electrochemical—Field-Effect Transistor (FET) 10.2.7 Electrochemical—Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) 10.2.8 Electrochemical—Magnetic Force-Assisted Immunoassay (MESIA) 10.3 Comparison Table and Future Perspectives 10.4 Conclusion References