Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany

Description

Over the course of half a century, the first two kings of the Saxon dynasty, Henry I (919-936) and Otto I (936-973), waged war across the length and breadth of Europe. Ottonian armies campaigned from the banks of the Oder in the east to the Seine in the west, and from the shores of the Baltic Sea in the north, to the Adriatic and Mediterranean in the south. In the course of scores of military operations, accompanied by diligent diplomatic efforts, Henry and Otto recreated the empire of Charlemagne, and established themselves as the hegemonic rulers in Western Europe. This book shows how Henry I and Otto I achieved this remarkable feat, and provides a comprehensive analysis of the organization, training, morale, tactics, and strategy of Ottonian armies over a long half century. Drawing on a vast array of sources, including exceptionally important information developed through archaeological excavations, it demonstrates that the Ottonian kings commanded very large armies in military operations that focused primarily on the capture of fortifications, including many fortress cities of Roman origin. This long-term military success shows that Henry I and Otto I, building upon the inheritance of their Carolingian predecessors, and ultimately that of the late Roman empire, possessed an extensive and well-organized administration, and indeed, bureaucracy, which mobilized the resources that were necessary for the successful conduct of war. List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations ix Introduction 1 1. Restoring "Francia Orientalis": Henry I's Long Term Strategy 14 2. Forging a New Empire 39 3. Military Organization 70 4. Military Education 102 5. Arms and Training 135 6. Morale 169 7. Tactics on the Battlefield 193 8. Campaign Strategy: The Civil War of 953–954 226 Conclusion 254 Appendix: Major Military Operations by Henry I, Otto I, and Their Commanders 257 Bibliography 262 Index 298