Moller’s Essentials of Pediatric Cardiology

Description

Cleaned version with corrected pagination and bookmarks. Copyright Contents Preface Chapter 1: Tools to diagnose cardiac conditions in children History General principles of the cardiovascular history Chief complaint and/or presenting sign Physical Examination Vital signs Cardiac examination Percussion Abdominal examination Laboratory Examination Electrocardiography Chest X-ray Pulse oximetry Blood counts Echocardiography Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography Computed tomography Cardiac catheterization Exercise testing Additional Reading Chapter 2: Environmental and genetic conditions associated with heart disease in children Syndromes Associated With Maternal Conditions Maternal diabetes mellitus Fetal alcohol syndrome Maternal human immunodeficiency virus infection Maternal inflammatory (collagen vascular) disease Maternal phenylketonuria Maternal rubella infection Medications and Other Agents Retinoic acid Lithium Other drugs and environmental exposures Syndromes With Gross Chromosomal Abnormalities Down syndrome (trisomy 21) Turner syndrome (45, X; monosomy X) Trisomy 18 syndrome Trisomy 13 syndrome Syndromes With Chromosomal Abnormalities Detectable By Special Cytogenetic Techniques DiGeorge syndrome and velocardiofacial syndrome(22q11.2 deletion) Williams syndrome (Williams–Beuren syndrome) Other Syndromes With Familial Occurrence Noonan syndrome and related conditions Limb/heart syndromes Clinical Genetic Evaluation Family history Genetic testing Additional Reading Chapter 3: Classification and physiology of congenital heart disease in children Pathophysiology Hemodynamic principles Communication at the atrial level Obstructions Valvar regurgitation Pulmonary hypertension Increased pulmonary blood flow (Q) Increased pulmonary vascular resistance (R) Clinical Correlation Diagnosis Severity Etiology Chapter 4: Anomalies with a left-to-right shunt in children Shunts at Ventricular or Great Vessel Level Ventricular Septal Defect Large ventricular septal defect Small or medium ventricular septal defects Patent Ductus Arteriosus History Physical examination Electrocardiogram Chest X-ray Natural history Echocardiogram Treatment Atrial Septal Defect History Physical examination Electrocardiogram Chest X-ray Natural history Echocardiogram Cardiac catheterization Operative considerations Atrioventricular Septal Defect History Physical examination Electrocardiogram Chest X-ray Natural history Echocardiogram Cardiac catheterization Operative considerations Chapter 5: Conditions obstructing blood flow in children Coarctation of the Aorta History Physical examination Electrocardiogram Chest X-ray Natural history Echocardiogram Cardiac catheterization and angiography Treatment Aortic Stenosis Aortic valvar stenosis Discrete membranous subaortic stenosis Supravalvar aortic stenosis Pulmonary Stenosis Valvar pulmonary stenosis Pulmonary stenosis secondary to dysplastic pulmonary valve Peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis Chapter 6: Congenital heart disease with a right-to-left shunt in children Admixture Lesions Complete transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA); or transposition of the great vessels (d-TGV). Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection/return (TAPVC or TAPVR) TAPVC without obstruction TAPVC with obstruction Common arterial trunk (truncus arteriosus) Cyanosis and Diminished Pulmonary Blood Flow Tetralogy of Fallot Tetralogy “variants” Tricuspid atresia Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum Ebstein’s malformation of the tricuspid valve Chapter 7: Unusual forms of congenital heart disease in children Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Vessels/arteries Operative treatment Natural history Malposition of the Heart Situs solitus Dextrocardia Levocardia Heterotaxy Syndromes Asplenia syndrome (bilateral right-sidedness, right atrialisomerism, right atrial appendage isomerism) Polysplenia syndrome (bilateral left-sidedness,left atrialisomerism, left atrial appendage isomerism) Vascular Ring Right aortic arch Double aortic arch Aberrant subclavian artery Vascular (Pulmonary Artery) Sling Chapter 8: Unique cardiac conditions in newborn infants Neonatal Physiology Normal fetal circulation Transition to postnatal circulatory physiology Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn Cardiac Disease in Neonates Hypoxia Congestive cardiac failure Chapter 9: The cardiac conditions acquired during childhood Kawasaki Disease Diagnosis Treatment Follow-up Recurrent disease Coronary aneurysm Rheumatic Fever Diagnosis Treatment Rheumatic fever prophylaxis (“secondary” prophylaxis) Prevention of acute rheumatic fever (“primary” prophylaxis) Long-term care Myocardial Diseases Myocarditis Myocardial involvement with systemic disease Management of myocardial diseases Infective Endocarditis History Physical examination Laboratory findings Treatment Marfan Syndrome Physical examination Electrocardiogram Chest X-ray Echocardiogram Treatment Mitral Valve Prolapse Physical examination Laboratory findings Treatment Pericarditis History and physical examination Electrocardiogram Chest X-ray Echocardiogram Treatment Additional Reading Chapter 10: Abnormalities of heart rate and conduction in children Alterations in Cardiac Rate Atrial and atrioventricular arrhythmias Junctional arrhythmias Ventricular arrhythmias Conduction Disturbances Shortened AV conduction (pre-excitation syndromes) Prolonged atrioventricular conduction General Principles of Tachyarrhythmia Diagnosis and Management Initial clinical assessment Differential diagnosis and management in stable patients Long-term management Additional Reading Chapter 11: Congestive heart failure in infants and children Pathophysiology Mechanisms Clinical features Medical Management Inotropes Diuretics Afterload reduction Beta-receptor antagonists Supportive measures Definitive Diagnosis and Management Circulatory support and cardiac transplantation Additional Reading Chapter 12: A healthy lifestyle and preventing heart disease in children Prevention for Children With a Normal Heart Risk factors for adult-manifest cardiovascular disease Issues for Children and Young Adults With Heart Disease General considerations Family counseling Additional Reading and References Additional reading Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T V W X