Food Waste to Green Fuel: Trend & Development

Description

This edited book covers all the existing possibilities of using food waste as a potential, alternative and ‘ready to use’, feed stock for biofuels production. Moreover, it also presents all the sustainable and economically feasible biofuels option with their details strategies, mechanism, advantages, draw backs and future scope. It also explores in depth knowledge of food waste, and details the processing as well as opportunities to utilize it at for mass scale biofuels production. The practical feasibility and economic sustainability of biofuels production is still suffering with its cost intensity and lack of rigorous scientific strategies as well as inputs to explore it on further at upscale level. Low cost, carbon rich, economic and environmental friendly feedstock, may have strong possibilities to reduce the overall biofuels production cost and the book is based on this strategy. The book is of interest to academicians and researchers interested in industries related to biofuels production, food processing industries and industries related to waste valorization. Foreword Acknowledgements Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Utilization of Food Waste for Biofuel Production 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background 1.3 Characteristics of Food Waste 1.4 Production of Biofuels 1.4.1 Biodiesel Production from Food Waste 1.4.2 Bioethanol Production from Food Waste 1.4.2.1 Pretreatment of Food Waste 1.4.2.2 Process Strategies 1.4.3 Hydrogen and Methane Production from Food Waste 1.4.3.1 Production of Hydrogen 1.4.3.2 Production of Methane 1.5 Biofuel Economics from Food Waste 1.6 Food Waste Applications from Different Industries 1.7 Advantages of Biofuels from Food Wastes 1.8 Disadvantages of Biofuels from Food Wastes 1.9 Challenges 1.9.1 Unorganized Industry 1.9.2 Separation of Food Waste 1.9.3 Nonrenewable Resource 1.9.4 Nonstandard Resource 1.10 Future Prospects 1.11 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Bioenergy and Food Processing Waste 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Present Scenario of Food Processing Waste in India and the World 2.2.1 Biofuels from Food Processing Wastes 2.2.1.1 Liquid Biofuels Bioethanol Biodiesel Bio-oil Biobutanol 2.2.1.2 Gaseous Biofuels Biogas or Methane Hydrogen Hythane 2.3 Bioenergy Sources from Different Food Wastes 2.3.1 Cereal and Millet Wastes 2.3.2 Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes 2.3.3 Dairy Processing Wastes 2.4 Factors Affecting the Production of Biofuels References Chapter 3: From Fruit and Vegetable Waste to Biofuel Production: Part I 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Food Waste (FW) Definition, Generation, and Impact 3.2.1 FW Characteristics 3.2.2 Current FW Management Avenues 3.3 Biofuels as Sustainable Energy Sources 3.4 Biofuel Production from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes (FVW) 3.4.1 Bioethanol 3.4.1.1 From Fruit Waste by Marine Bacterial Strain Citrobacter sp. E4 3.4.1.2 From Citrus Peels and Wastes 3.4.1.3 From Pineapple Wastes 3.4.1.4 From Banana and Mango Wastes 3.4.1.5 From Potato Peels 3.4.1.6 From Pistachio Wastes 3.4.1.7 Factors Affecting Bioethanol Production 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4: From Fruit and Vegetable Waste to Biofuel Production: Part II 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Biohydrogen 4.2.1 Factors Influencing Biohydrogen Production 4.3 Biodiesel 4.3.1 Factors Influencing Biodiesel Production 4.4 Biogas 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Recent Advances in Biogas Production from Food Waste 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Food Waste 5.2.1 Composition of Food Wastes 5.2.2 Impacts of Food Waste Accumulation and Disposal 5.2.2.1 Environmental Impacts 5.2.3 Waste Management Strategies for Food Wastes 5.3 Biogas 5.3.1 Driving Forces for Biogas Production 5.3.2 Biogas Production from Food Waste: The Process 5.3.2.1 Pretreatment of Food Waste Pretreatment Techniques 5.3.2.2 Anaerobic Digestion 5.3.2.3 Factors Affecting Biogas Production 5.3.2.4 Anaerobic Digestion Systems Mono-Digestion of Food Wastes Anaerobic Co-Digestion and Enrichment of the Biogas Production 5.3.2.5 Advantages of Anaerobic Digestion 5.4 Reactors for Biogas Production 5.4.1 Conventional Biogas Reactors 5.4.2 Innovative Biogas Reactor Technologies 5.5 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing of Microbial Consortia for Anaerobic Digestion 5.6 Biogas Industry: Current Status 5.7 Food Waste Digestion: The Potential 5.8 Biogas Production-Economic Perspectives 5.8.1 Biogas Economics for Food Wastes 5.8.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Food Wastes and the Circular Economy 5.9 Issues Related to Biogas Production 5.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion References Chapter 6: Biogas from Kitchen Waste 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biofuel Classifications 6.2.1 Kitchen Waste Composition 6.2.1.1 Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) Microbes Required for Hydrolysis Methanogenesis 6.2.1.2 Pretreatment Methods for Food Waste 6.2.2 Biogas Digester 6.2.3 Barriers in the Biogas Production (Mittal et al. 2018) 6.3 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Food Processing By-Products and Waste Utilisation for Bioethanol Production 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Applications of Bioethanol 7.3 Bioethanol Production 7.3.1 Sugar-Based Feedstock 7.3.2 Starch-Based Feedstock 7.3.3 Lignocellulosic Feedstock 7.4 Significance of Utilising Food Processing By-Products and Waste for the Bioethanol Production 7.5 Bioethanol from Food Processing By-Products and Waste 7.5.1 Bioethanol from Vegetable and Fruit 7.5.2 Bioethanol from Banana Wastes 7.5.3 Bioethanol from Citrus Fruit Wastes 7.5.4 Bioethanol from Date Fruit Waste 7.5.5 Bioethanol from Potato Processing Waste 7.5.6 Bioethanol from Coffee Pulp and Husks 7.5.7 Bioethanol from Grain Waste 7.5.7.1 Energy Crops 7.5.7.2 Rice Husks 7.5.8 Dairy 7.5.8.1 Cheese Whey 7.6 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Utilization of Fruit-Vegetable Waste as Lignocellulosic Feedstocks for Bioethanol Fermentation 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Fruit and Vegetable Wastes (FVW) as a Raw Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 8.1.2 Role of Microorganisms 8.1.3 Pretreatment and Detoxification of FVW 8.1.4 Bioethanol Production 8.1.5 Ethanol Recovery by Distillation 8.2 Factors Affecting Fermentation 8.3 Ethanol as Biofuel 8.4 Future of Bioethanol in India 8.5 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Production of Bioethanol from Fruit Wastes: Recent Advances 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Advantages of Bioethanol 9.3 Present Scenario 9.4 Ethanol as a Biofuel for Renewable Energy 9.5 Bioethanol Economy 9.6 Types of Fruit Wastes 9.7 Fruit Wastes (Substrates) Suitable for Production of Ethanol 9.8 Pretreatments of Fruit Wastes for Ethanol Production 9.9 Ethanol Production Using Different Fruit Wastes 9.9.1 Kinnow 9.9.2 Kinnow and Banana Peels 9.9.3 Mango/Banana Waste 9.9.4 Banana Waste 9.9.5 Mango Waste 9.9.6 Citrus Wastes 9.9.7 Beet Waste 9.9.8 Apple Pomace 9.9.9 Pineapple Wastes 9.9.10 Grape Pomace 9.9.11 Oil Palm 9.9.12 Fruit Peel 9.9.13 Pawpaw 9.9.14 Papaya 9.9.15 Date Palm 9.9.16 Mixed Fruit Wastes 9.9.17 Rambutan 9.9.18 Orange Peels 9.9.19 Cashew Apple Juice 9.9.20 Jamun and Mango 9.10 Conclusions References Chapter 10: Trends in Biodiesel Production from Algae and Animal Fat Wastes: Challenges and Prospects 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Biodiesel Production by Using Algae 10.3 Algae Production Processes and Conversion Processes 10.4 Algal Pretreatment for Biodiesel Production 10.5 Utilizing Microalgae to Produce Biodiesel 10.6 Process Used to Obtain Biodiesel from Algae 10.7 Biodiesel Production by Using Animal Fat Waste 10.8 Biodiesel Production Via Transesterification by Using Animal Fats 10.9 Characteristics of Biodiesel Which Is Obtained from Animals Feedstocks 10.10 Major Challenges and Future Prospects in Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Waste 10.11 Conclusions References