A brief history of computing

Description

Preface Overview Organisation and Features Audience Acknowledgements Contents List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: What Is a Computer? 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Analog Computers 1.3 Digital Computers 1.3.1 Vacuum Tubes 1.3.2 Transistors 1.3.3 Integrated Circuits 1.3.4 Microprocessors 1.4 von Neumann Architecture 1.5 Hardware and Software 1.6 Review Questions 1.7 Summary Chapter 2: Computing in Early Civilizations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Babylonians 2.3 The Egyptians 2.4 The Greek and Hellenistic Contribution 2.5 The Romans 2.6 Islamic Influence 2.7 Chinese and Indian Mathematics 2.8 Review Questions 2.9 Summary Chapter 3: Foundations of Computing 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Step Reckoner Calculating Machine 3.3 Binary Numbers 3.4 The Difference Engine 3.5 The Analytic Engine – Vision of a Computer 3.5.1 Applications of Analytic Engine 3.6 Boole’s Symbolic Logic 3.6.1 Switching Circuits and Boolean Algebra 3.7 Application of Boole’s Logic to Digital Computing 3.8 Review Questions 3.9 Summary Chapter 4: The First Digital Computers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Harvard Mark I 4.3 Atanasoff-Berry Computer 4.4 ENIAC and EDVAC 4.4.1 EDVAC 4.4.2 Controversy Between the ABC and ENIAC 4.5 Bletchley Park and Colossus 4.5.1 Colossus 4.6 Zuse’s Machines 4.6.1 Z1, Z2, and Z3 Machines 4.7 University of Manchester 4.7.1 Manchester Mark I 4.8 Review Questions 4.9 Summary Chapter 5: The First Commercial Computers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 UNIVAC 5.3 LEO I Computer 5.4 The Z4 Computer 5.5 Ferranti Mark I 5.6 CSIRAC Computer 5.7 Review Questions 5.8 Summary Chapter 6: Early Commercial Computers and the Invention of the Transistor 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Early IBM Computers 6.3 The SAGE System 6.4 Invention of the Transistor 6.5 Early Transistor Computers 6.6 Review Questions 6.7 Summary Chapter 7: Integrated Circuit and Silicon Valley 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Invention of Integrated Circuit 7.2.1 Moore’s Law 7.3 Early Integrated Circuit Computers 7.4 Birth of Silicon Valley 7.5 Review Questions 7.6 Summary Chapter 8: The IBM System/360 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Background to the Development of System/360 8.3 The IBM System 360 8.4 Review Questions 8.5 Summary Chapter 9: Minicomputers and Later Mainframes 9.1 Introduction 9.2 DEC’s Minicomputers 9.2.1 PDP-11 9.2.2 The VAX 11/780 9.3 The War Between IBM and Amdahl 9.4 Review Questions 9.5 Summary Chapter 10: The Microprocessor Revolution 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Invention of the Microprocessor 10.3 Early Microprocessors 10.4 A Selection of Semiconductor Companies 10.5 Review Questions 10.6 Summary Chapter 11: Home Computers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Xerox Alto Personal Computer 11.3 MITS Altair 8800 11.4 Apple I and II Home Computers 11.5 Commodore PET 11.6 Atari 400 and 800 11.7 Commodore 64 11.8 Sinclair ZX 81 and ZX Spectrum 11.9 Apple Macintosh 11.10 Later Commodore and Atari Machines 11.11 Atari Video Machines 11.12 Review Questions 11.13 Summary Chapter 12: The IBM Personal Computer 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The IBM Personal Computer 12.3 Operating System for IBM PC 12.4 Review Questions 12.5 Summary Chapter 13: History of Operating Systems 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Fundamentals of Operating Systems 13.3 OS/360 and MVS 13.4 VM 13.5 VMS 13.6 UNIX 13.7 MS/DOS 13.8 Microsoft Windows 13.9 Mobile Operating Systems 13.10 Review Questions 13.11 Summary Chapter 14: Birth of Software Industry and Human Computer Interaction 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Birth of Software Industry 14.2.1 Software Contractors Industry 14.2.2 Corporate Software Products 14.2.3 Personal Computer Software Industry 14.2.4 Software as a Service 14.2.5 Open-Source Software 14.2.5.1 Free Software Foundation 14.2.6 App Stores 14.3 Microsoft Office Software 14.3.1 Microsoft Excel 14.3.2 Microsoft PowerPoint 14.3.3 Microsoft Word 14.3.4 Microsoft Access and Outlook 14.4 Human–Computer Interaction 14.4.1 HCI Principles 14.4.2 Software Usability 14.4.3 User-Centered Design 14.5 The Mouse 14.6 Review Questions 14.7 Summary Chapter 15: History of Programming Languages 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Plankalkül 15.3 Imperative Programming Languages 15.3.1 FORTRAN and COBOL 15.3.2 ALGOL 15.3.3 Pascal and C 15.4 Object-Oriented Languages 15.4.1 C++ and Java 15.5 Functional Programming Languages 15.5.1 Miranda 15.5.2 Lambda Calculus 15.6 Logic Programming Languages 15.7 Syntax and Semantics 15.7.1 Programming Language Semantics 15.8 Review Questions 15.9 Summary Chapter 16: History of Software Engineering 16.1 Introduction 16.2 What is Software Engineering? 16.3 Challenges in Software Engineering 16.4 Software Processes and Lifecycles 16.4.1 Waterfall Lifecycle 16.4.2 Spiral Lifecycles 16.4.3 Rational Unified Process 16.4.4 Agile Development 16.5 Activities in Waterfall Lifecycle 16.5.1 Business Requirements Definition 16.5.2 Specification of System Requirements 16.5.3 Design 16.5.4 Implementation 16.5.5 Software Testing 16.5.6 Maintenance 16.6 Software Inspections 16.7 Software Project Management 16.8 CMMI Maturity Model 16.9 Formal Methods 16.10 Open-Source Software 16.11 Review Questions 16.12 Summary Chapter 17: A Short History of Telecommunications 17.1 Introduction 17.2 AXE System 17.3 Development of Mobile Phone Standards 17.4 Development of Mobile Phone Technology 17.5 The Iridium Satellite System 17.6 Review Questions 17.7 Summary Chapter 18: The Internet Revolution 18.1 Introduction 18.2 The ARPANET 18.2.1 Email 18.2.2 Gmail 18.3 TCP/IP 18.4 Birth of the Internet 18.5 Birth of the World Wide Web 18.5.1 Applications of the World Wide Web 18.6 Dot Com Companies 18.6.1 Dot Com Failures 18.6.2 Business Models 18.6.3 Bubble and Burst 18.6.4 E-Commerce Security 18.7 Internet of Things 18.8 Internet of Money and Bitcoin 18.9 Review Questions 18.10 Summary Chapter 19: The Smartphone and Social Media 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Evolution of the Smartphone 19.3 The Facebook Revolution 19.4 The Tweet 19.5 Social Media and Fake News 19.6 Review Questions 19.7 Summary Chapter 20: A Miscellany of Innovation 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Distributed Systems 20.3 Service-Oriented Architecture 20.4 Software as a Service 20.5 Cloud Computing 20.6 Embedded Systems 20.7 WiFi 20.7.1 WiFi Security 20.8 Quantum Computing 20.9 GPS Technology 20.9.1 Applications of GPS 20.10 Wikipedia 20.10.1 Wikipedia Quality Controls 20.11 Nanotechnology 20.12 Review Questions 20.13 Summary Chapter 21: History of Databases 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Hierarchical and Network Models 21.3 The Relational Model 21.4 Structured Query Language (SQL) 21.5 Oracle Database 21.6 Review Questions 21.7 Summary Chapter 22: History of Artificial Intelligence 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Descartes 22.3 The Field of Artificial Intelligence 22.3.1 Turing Test and Strong AI 22.3.2 Ethics and AI 22.4 Philosophy and AI 22.5 Cognitive Psychology 22.6 Computational Linguistics 22.7 Cybernetics 22.8 Logic and AI 22.9 Computability, Incompleteness, and Decidability 22.10 Robots 22.11 Neural Networks 22.12 Expert Systems 22.13 Driverless Car 22.14 Review Questions 22.15 Summary Chapter 23: Ethics and Professional Responsibility 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Business Ethics 23.3 What Is Computer Ethics? 23.3.1 Ethics and Artificial Intelligence 23.3.2 Robots and Ethics 23.4 Parnas on Professional Responsibility 23.5 ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct 23.6 British Computer Society Code of Conduct 23.7 Review Questions 23.8 Summary Chapter 24: Legal Aspects of Computing 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Intellectual Property 24.2.1 Patent Law 24.2.2 Copyright Law 24.2.3 Trademarks 24.3 Software Licensing 24.3.1 Software Licensing and Failure 24.4 Bespoke Software Development 24.5 E-commerce and the Law 24.6 Free Speech and Censorship 24.7 Computer Privacy in the Workplace 24.8 Computer Crime 24.8.1 Dark Side of the Internet 24.9 Hacking and Computer Security 24.10 Review Questions 24.11 Summary Glossary References Index