Cognitive psychology and its implications

Description

Cognitive Psychology takes students to the forefront of the field and introduces them to key discoveries of cognitive psychology. With accessible and clear explanations, Anderson shows students how mental processes are investigated and how we know what we know about the mind. This book introduces students to both the cutting edge findings of cognitive neuroscience and classic behavioral studies. Experimental data, sample stimuli, brain images, and research tasks woven throughout the text give students a real understanding of how research is conducted and the excitement of discovery. Fascinating examples and applications of cognitive theory keep students engaged. About this Book Cover Page Halftitle Page Title Page Copyright Page About the Author Dedication Brief Contents Contents Preface Chapter 1 The Science of Cognition Motivations for Studying Cognitive Psychology Intellectual Curiosity Implications for Other Fields Practical Applications Implications 1.1 What Does Cognitive Psychology Tell Us about How to Study Effectively? The History of Cognitive Psychology Early History Psychology in Germany: Focus on Introspective Observation Psychology in America: Focus on Behavior The Cognitive Revolution: AI, Information Theory, and Linguistics Information-Processing Analyses Implications 1.2 The Replicability Crisis Cognitive Neuroscience Information Processing: The Communicative Neurons The Neuron Neural Representation of Information Organization of the Brain Localization of Function Topographic Organization Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience Neural Imaging Techniques Using fMRI to Study Equation Solving A Cognitive Neuroscience Revolution? Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 2 Perception Visual Perception in the Brain Early Visual Information Processing Information Coding by Neurons in the Visual System Depth and Surface Perception Object Segmentation Visual Pattern Recognition Template-Matching Models Implications 2.1 CAPTCHAs: Separating Humans from Bots Feature Analysis Object Recognition by Deep Convolutional Networks Face Recognition Implications 2.2 New Developments in Face-Recognition Software Speech Recognition Feature Analysis of Speech Categorical Perception Context and Pattern Recognition Massaro’s FLMP Model for Combination of Context and Feature Information Other Examples of Context and Recognition Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 3 Attention and Performance Serial Bottlenecks Auditory Attention The Filter Theory The Attenuation Theory and a Late-Selection Theory Visual Attention The Neural Basis of Visual Attention Inattentional Blindness Visual Search The Binding Problem Neglect of the Visual Field Object-Based Attention Central Attention: Selecting Lines of Thought to Pursue Implications 3.1 Cell Phones and Distraction Automaticity: Expertise through Practice The Stroop Effect Prefrontal Sites of Executive Control Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 4 Mental Imagery Verbal Imagery Versus Visual Imagery Implications 4.1 Using Brain Activation to Read People’s Minds Visual Imagery Mental Rotation Image Scanning Mental Comparison of Magnitudes Are Visual Images Like Visual Perception? Visual Imagery and Brain Areas Imagery Involves Both Spatial and Visual Components Individual Difference in Visual Imagery Implications 4.2 Spatial Skills and STEM Education Cognitive Maps Egocentric and Allocentric Representations of Space Map Distortions Conclusions: Visual Perception and Visual Imagery Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 5 Representation of Knowledge Knowledge and Regions of the Brain Memory for Meaningful Interpretations of Events Memory for Verbal Information Memory for Visual Information Importance of a Meaningful Interpretation to Memory Implications 5.1 Mnemonic Techniques for Remembering Vocabulary Items Propositional Representations Amodal Versus Perceptual Symbol Systems Embodied Cognition Conceptual Knowledge Semantic Networks Schemas House Prototype Theories Versus Exemplar Theories Rule-Based and Theory-Based Structures of Categories Natural Categories and Their Brain Representations Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 6 Human Memory: Encoding and Storage Memory and the Brain Sensory Memory Visual Sensory Memory Auditory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory and Working Memory A Theory of Short-Term Memory Baddeley’s Theory of Working Memory The Frontal Cortex and Primate Working Memory Activation and Long-Term Memory Activation Calculations Spreading Activation Practice and Memory Strength The Power Law of Learning Neural Correlates of the Power Law Factors Influencing Memory Spacing Effects Elaborative Processing Implications 6.1 How Does the Method of Loci Help Us Organize Recall? Techniques for Studying Textual Material Incidental Versus Intentional Learning Flashbulb Memories Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 7 Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval Are Memories Really Forgotten? The Retention Function How Interference Affects Memory The Fan Effect: Networks of Associations The Interfering Effect of Preexisting Memories Both Decay and Interference? An Inhibitory Explanation of Forgetting? Implications 7.1 Is Forgetting Adaptive? Relatedness Protects Against Interference Retrieval and Inference Plausible Retrieval The Interaction of Elaboration and Inferential Reconstruction Eyewitness Testimony and the False-Memory Controversy Implications 7.2 How Have Advertisers Used Knowledge of Cognitive Psychology? False Memories and the Brain Associative Structure and Retrieval The Effects of Encoding Context The Encoding-Specificity Principle The Hippocampal Formation and Amnesia Implicit Versus Explicit Memory Implicit Versus Explicit Memory in Normal Participants Procedural Memory Conclusions: The Many Varieties of Memory in the Brain Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 8 Problem Solving The Nature of Problem Solving A Comparative Perspective on Problem Solving The Problem-Solving Process: Problem Space and Search Problem-Solving Operators Acquisition of Operators Analogy and Imitation Analogy and Imitation from an Evolutionary and Brain Perspective Operator Selection Difference Reduction Means–Ends Analysis The Tower of Hanoi Problem Goal Structures and the Prefrontal Cortex Giving Up on Problem Solving Problem Representation The Importance of the Correct Representation Functional Fixedness Implications 8.1 When Humans Are Better at Solving Problems Than Computers Set Effects Incubation Effects Insight Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 9 Expertise Skill Acquisition and Brain Activity General Characteristics of Skill Acquisition Three Phases of Skill Acquisition Power Law of Learning The Nature of Expertise Proceduralization Tactical Learning Strategic Learning Problem Perception Pattern Learning and Memory Implications 9.1 Computers Achieve Chess Expertise Differently Than Humans Do Long-Term Memory and Expertise The Role of Deliberate Practice Talent versus Deliberate Practice Transfer of Skill Theory of Identical Elements Educational Implications Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 10 Reasoning Reasoning and the Brain Reasoning About Conditionals Two Valid Rules of Inference Two Invalid Patterns of Inference Causal Reasoning The Wason Selection Task Permission Interpretation of the Conditional Probabilistic Interpretation of the Conditional Final Thoughts on the Connective If Reasoning About Quantifiers Categorical Syllogisms The Atmosphere Hypothesis Limitations of the Atmosphere Hypothesis Process Explanations Inductive Reasoning and Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis Formation Hypothesis Testing Scientific Discovery Implications 10.1 How Convincing Is a 10% Result? Dual-Process Theories Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 11 Decision Making The Brain and Decision Making Probabilistic Judgment Bayes’s Theorem Base-Rate Neglect Conservatism Correspondence to Bayes’s Theorem with Experience Judgments of Probability The Adaptive Nature of the Recognition Heuristic Making Decisions Under Uncertainty Implications 11.1 What Can We Believe with High Confidence? Framing Effects Implications 11.2 Why Are Adolescents More Likely Than Adults to Make Bad Decisions? Choosing Among Many Alternatives Neural Representation of Subjective Utility and Probability Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 12 Language Structure Language and the Brain The Field of Linguistics Productivity and Regularity Linguistic Intuitions Competence Versus Performance Syntactic Formalisms Phrase Structure Pause Structure in Speech Speech Errors Transformations Is Human Language Special? Arbitrary Association of Sign and Meaning Displacement in Time and Space Discreteness and Productivity Can Apes Use Human Language? Implications 12.1 Apes and the Ethics of Experimentation The Relation Between Language and Thought The Behaviorist Proposal Linguistic Determinism Does Language Depend on Thought? The Modularity of Language Language Acquisition The Issue of Rules and the Case of Past Tense The Quality of Input Is There a Critical Period for Language Acquisition? Implications 12.2 Does Bilingualism Confer a Cognitive Advantage? Language Universals Constraints on Transformations Parameter Setting Conclusions: The Uniqueness of Language: A Summary Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 13 Language Comprehension Implications 13.1 Intelligent Chatterboxes Brain and Language Comprehension Parsing Constituent Structure Immediacy of Interpretation Processing Syntactic Structure Semantic Considerations The Integration of Syntax and Semantics Neural Indicants of Syntactic and Semantic Processing Ambiguity Neural Indicants of the Processing of Transient Ambiguity Lexical Ambiguity Modularity Compared with Interactive Processing Utilization Bridging Inferences and Elaborative Inferences Inference of Reference Pronominal Reference Negatives Processing Extended Texts: Levels of Representation, and Situation Models Dimensions of Information in Situation Models Implications 13.2 Nonverbal Communication Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Chapter 14 Individual Differences in Cognition Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stages of Development Conservation What Develops? The Empiricist–Nativist Debate Increased Mental Capacity Increased Knowledge Cognition and Aging Implications 14.1 Is There a Relationship Between Age and Job Performance? Psychometric Studies of Cognition Intelligence Tests Implications 14.2 Does IQ Determine Success in Life? Factor Analysis Different Dimensions of Intelligence Verbal Ability Spatial Ability Cognitive and Neural Correlates of Intelligence Conclusions Chapter Review Questions for Thought Key Terms Glossary References Name Index Subject Index