ENGLISH

Holcomb and Ashcraft’s Pediatric Surgery

Book information

Publisher
Elsevier
Year
2019
ISBN
9780323549776
Language
english
Format
PDF
Filesize
86 MB (90678516 bytes)
Edition
7th Edition
Pages
1317\1317
Topic
Medicine Pediatrics
Time added
2019-07-19 08:46:05

Description

Known for its readability, portability, and global perspectives, Holcomb and Ashcraft’s Pediatric Surgery remains the most comprehensive, up-to-date, single-volume text in its field. As technology and techniques continue to evolve, the 7th Edition provides state-of-the-art coverage—both in print and on video—of the full range of general surgical and urological problems in infants, children, and adolescents, equipping you to achieve optimal outcomes for every patient. Front Cover......Page 1 Holcomb and Ashcraft’s Pediatric Surgery......Page 3 Holcomb and Ashcraft’s Pediatric Surgery......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Video Table of Contents......Page 10 Preface......Page 12 List of Contributors......Page 13 Dedication......Page 23 I - General......Page 25 Hypoglycemia......Page 26 CALCIUM......Page 27 Polycythemia......Page 28 JAUNDICE......Page 29 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE AND EARLY RENAL FUNCTION......Page 30 NEONATAL FLUID REQUIREMENTS......Page 31 SURFACTANT......Page 32 PULSE OXIMETRY......Page 33 PULMONARY ARTERY......Page 34 CARDIOGENIC SHOCK......Page 35 Isoproterenol......Page 36 SEPTIC SHOCK......Page 37 References......Page 39 Body Composition and Nutrient Reserves......Page 42 Energy Expenditure During Illness......Page 44 PROTEIN METABOLISM AND REQUIREMENT DURING ILLNESS......Page 45 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM AND REQUIREMENT DURING ILLNESS......Page 47 LIPID METABOLISM AND REQUIREMENTS DURING ILLNESS......Page 48 ENTERAL NUTRITION......Page 49 PARENTERAL NUTRITION......Page 52 Conclusion......Page 54 References......Page 55 MORBIDITY/MORTALITY......Page 59 CRITERIA FOR AMBULATORY SURGERY......Page 60 Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility......Page 61 PREOPERATIVE FASTING GUIDELINES......Page 62 Respiratory and Airway Considerations......Page 63 Postanesthetic Apnea......Page 64 PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE......Page 65 Preoperative Preparation and Evaluation......Page 66 Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 67 Single Ventricle Physiology......Page 68 THE DIFFICULT PEDIATRIC AIRWAY......Page 69 ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIFIC SURGICAL APPROACHES......Page 70 THORACOSCOPY......Page 71 Intraoperative Awareness......Page 73 Opioids......Page 74 Prescribing Discharge Analgesics......Page 75 Conclusion......Page 76 References......Page 77 Renal Function Evaluation......Page 81 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE......Page 82 Renal Tubular Acidosis......Page 83 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT......Page 84 Dialysis......Page 85 Dialysis Methods......Page 86 Acute Kidney Injury in the Neonate......Page 87 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 88 MANAGEMENT......Page 89 Obstructive Uropathy in the Neonate......Page 90 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND ETIOLOGY......Page 91 DIAGNOSIS AND IMAGING......Page 92 Interventional Procedures......Page 93 Surgical Treatment......Page 94 OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS......Page 95 References......Page 96 PLATELETS......Page 100 Clinical Evaluation......Page 102 BLEEDING TIME AND THE PFA-100 ANALYZER......Page 103 FIBRINOGEN......Page 104 GENETIC TESTING......Page 105 Hemophilia A and B......Page 106 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 107 Fibrinolytic and Thrombotic Disorders......Page 108 Sickle Cell Disease......Page 109 INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT......Page 110 Retinopathy......Page 111 References......Page 112 Clinical Applications......Page 115 CLINICAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS......Page 116 PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION OF THE NEWBORN......Page 117 CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA......Page 118 Methods of Extracorporeal Support......Page 119 CANNULATION......Page 120 ECMO CIRCUIT......Page 122 Patient Management on ECMO......Page 123 Air Embolism......Page 125 HYPERTENSION......Page 126 FEEDING AND GROWTH SEQUELAE......Page 127 ECMO IN PREMATURE NEONATES......Page 128 ECLS IN EXTREME PREMATURITY: THE ARTIFICIAL PLACENTA......Page 129 References......Page 131 CARBON DIOXIDE ELIMINATION......Page 135 OXYGENATION......Page 137 THE MECHANICAL VENTILATOR AND ITS COMPONENTS......Page 139 Synchronized Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation......Page 140 Volume-Assured Pressure Support Ventilation......Page 141 Continuous Positive Airway Pressure......Page 142 MANAGEMENT OF THE MECHANICAL VENTILATOR......Page 143 Permissive Hypercapnia......Page 144 Using Protective Effects of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure......Page 145 Oral Hygiene and Mucus Clearance......Page 146 Weaning From Mechanical Ventilation......Page 147 HIGH-FREQUENCY VENTILATION......Page 148 INHALED NITRIC OXIDE ADMINISTRATION......Page 149 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia......Page 150 References......Page 152 Peripheral Venous Access......Page 157 Peripherally Introduced Central Catheter......Page 158 Central Venous Catheters......Page 159 Totally Implanted Central Venous Catheters......Page 160 Venous Cutdown......Page 161 Hemodialysis Catheters......Page 162 References......Page 163 ANATOMIC BARRIERS......Page 165 Antibiotics......Page 166 WOUND CLASSIFICATION......Page 167 POSTOPERATIVE SURGICAL SITE INFECTION......Page 168 CATHETER INFECTIONS......Page 170 Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection......Page 171 Peritonitis......Page 172 References......Page 173 Guiding Principles......Page 177 Fetal Access, Anesthesia, and Operative Setup......Page 178 Fetal Interventions......Page 179 Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformations, Lung Lesions, and Bronchopulmonary Sequestrations......Page 181 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma......Page 182 Twin–Twin Transfusion Syndrome......Page 184 MYELOMENINGOCELE......Page 185 HYDRONEPHROSIS AND LOW URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION......Page 187 ABDOMINAL WALL DEFECTS......Page 188 Fetal Surgery Programs......Page 189 References......Page 190 II - Trauma......Page 195 Esophageal Foreign Bodies......Page 196 BATTERIES......Page 197 MAGNETS......Page 198 BEZOARS......Page 200 Airway Foreign Bodies......Page 201 BRONCHOSCOPY......Page 203 References......Page 204 Cat Bites......Page 205 TREATMENT......Page 206 Tetanus......Page 207 BROWN RECLUSE SPIDERS......Page 208 BLACK WIDOW SPIDER......Page 210 CROTALID (PIT VIPER)......Page 211 Clinical Features......Page 212 Prehospital Management......Page 213 In-Hospital Management......Page 214 Role of the Surgeon......Page 215 CORAL SNAKES......Page 216 References......Page 217 Pathophysiology......Page 220 Initial Management......Page 221 Fluid Resuscitation......Page 222 RESUSCITATION ENDPOINTS......Page 224 Inhalation Injury......Page 225 Assessment of Burn Depth......Page 226 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS......Page 227 EXCISION AND GRAFTING......Page 229 ELECTRICAL BURNS......Page 230 Psychologic Sequelae of Burn Injuries......Page 231 References......Page 232 Injury Risks......Page 235 Injury Patterns......Page 236 NECK......Page 237 SKELETON......Page 238 RESUSCITATION......Page 239 SECONDARY SURVEY......Page 241 NONACCIDENTAL TRAUMA......Page 242 AMBULANCE TRANSPORT......Page 243 References......Page 244 Rib Fractures......Page 248 Traumatic Asphyxia......Page 249 Pneumothorax–Pulmonary Lacerations......Page 250 Pulmonary Contusion......Page 251 Diaphragmatic Injuries......Page 252 Airway Injury......Page 254 Great Vessel Injuries......Page 255 Blunt Cardiac Injury......Page 256 References......Page 257 Evaluation of Blunt Abdominal Trauma......Page 260 NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES......Page 261 OPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF LIVER AND SPLEEN BLEEDING......Page 262 LENGTH OF STAY......Page 264 DEFINING THE NEED FOR OPERATION......Page 265 Renal Injury......Page 266 Pancreatic Injury......Page 267 SMALL BOWEL INJURIES......Page 268 RECTAL INJURY......Page 269 Blunt Diaphragmatic Injury......Page 271 Overwhelming Postsplenectomy Infection......Page 272 REIMAGING AFTER RENAL INJURY......Page 273 References......Page 274 Axonal Shearing......Page 278 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 279 Primary Brain Injury......Page 280 Secondary Brain Injury......Page 281 INITIAL EVALUATION FOR TBI......Page 282 Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Glasgow Coma Scale 3–8......Page 283 Nonaccidental Trauma......Page 284 Neuromuscular Blockade......Page 285 Hyperosmolar Therapy......Page 286 Barbiturate Therapy......Page 287 OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS......Page 288 References......Page 289 Pathophysiology......Page 291 Fractures of the Lower Extremity......Page 292 CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES......Page 296 THORACIC, LUMBAR, AND SACRAL FRACTURES......Page 299 Fractures of the Upper Extremity......Page 301 References......Page 305 Hydrocephalus......Page 309 Neurosurgical Devices......Page 311 Neural Tube Defects......Page 312 Craniosynostosis......Page 314 Vascular Malformations of the Brain......Page 315 Tethered Spinal Cord......Page 317 Chiari I Malformations......Page 319 PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA......Page 320 EPENDYMOMA......Page 321 DIFFUSE INTRINSIC PONTINE GLIOMA......Page 322 Intracranial Infections......Page 323 References......Page 324 III - Thoracic......Page 325 HISTORY......Page 326 CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 328 CARDIAC AND PULMONARY EFFECTS OF PECTUS EXCAVATUM......Page 329 EVALUATION AND INDICATIONS FOR OPERATION......Page 330 Minimally Invasive Pectus Repair......Page 331 Open Technique......Page 334 Late Complications......Page 337 Pectus Carinatum......Page 338 INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE......Page 339 Cartilage Resection Operations......Page 340 Noncartilage Resection Operations......Page 342 NONSURGICAL TREATMENTS......Page 344 Pressure-Controlled Bracing......Page 345 Sternal Defects......Page 347 Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome Associated With Diffuse Skeletal Disorders......Page 348 References......Page 353 Subglottic and Tracheal Malformations......Page 356 CONGENITAL SUBGLOTTIC AND TRACHEAL STENOSIS......Page 357 VASCULAR COMPRESSION......Page 358 Tracheomalacia–Bronchomalacia......Page 360 INTRINSIC INJURIES......Page 361 TRACHEOSTOMY......Page 362 Laryngeal and Tracheal Clefts......Page 363 CONGENITAL STENOSIS......Page 365 ACQUIRED STENOSIS......Page 366 OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES......Page 367 References......Page 370 Embryology and Development of the Bronchopulmonary Tree......Page 372 CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATION......Page 373 BRONCHOPULMONARY SEQUESTRATION......Page 374 BRONCHOGENIC CYSTS AND BRONCHIAL ATRESIA/STENOSIS......Page 375 CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATION......Page 376 CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA, BRONCHIAL ATRESIA......Page 377 CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATION......Page 378 CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA......Page 379 BRONCHOGENIC CYSTS AND BRONCHIAL ATRESIA......Page 380 TECHNIQUE......Page 381 References......Page 384 DIAGNOSIS......Page 385 Parapneumonic Effusion......Page 386 Empyema......Page 387 Pneumatocele......Page 389 Bronchiectasis......Page 390 MANAGEMENT......Page 391 Diffuse Interstitial Disease......Page 392 Spontaneous Pneumothorax......Page 395 References......Page 398 Associated Anomalies......Page 401 DIAPHRAGM DEVELOPMENT AND CDH PATHOGENESIS......Page 402 PULMONARY VASCULAR DEVELOPMENT AND CDH-ASSOCIATED PULMONARY HYPERTENSION......Page 404 PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 405 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 406 RESUSCITATION AND STABILIZATION......Page 407 MECHANICAL VENTILATION......Page 408 EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION......Page 409 TIMING OF OPERATION......Page 410 MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPROACH......Page 411 Nonabsorbable Synthetic Patches......Page 413 Tissue-Engineered Patches......Page 414 OUTCOMES......Page 415 PULMONARY OUTCOMES......Page 416 NEUROLOGIC OUTCOMES......Page 417 Anterior Hernias of Morgagni......Page 418 Diaphragmatic Eventration......Page 419 References......Page 420 Diagnostic Imaging......Page 427 Principles of Management......Page 428 NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA......Page 429 HODGKIN LYMPHOMA......Page 430 TERATOMAS......Page 431 THYMIC HYPERPLASIA......Page 433 Vascular Tumors and Anomalies......Page 434 Foregut Cysts and Duplications......Page 435 Neural Tumors......Page 437 References......Page 441 Clinical Evaluation of the Esophagus......Page 446 ESOPHAGEAL DUPLICATION CYSTS......Page 447 Achalasia......Page 448 Foreign Body Esophageal Injury......Page 449 Esophageal Perforation......Page 451 Caustic Ingestion......Page 452 Esophageal Strictures......Page 453 Esophageal Replacement......Page 454 References......Page 459 Epidemiology......Page 461 PURE ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA WITHOUT TEF (GROSS TYPE A)......Page 462 POSTNATAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 463 PREOPERATIVE BRONCHOSCOPY......Page 465 REPAIR VIA THORACOTOMY......Page 466 Positioning......Page 468 Initial Treatment......Page 469 Postoperative Management......Page 470 RECURRENT TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA......Page 471 DISORDERED PERISTALSIS/GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX/ESOPHAGEAL CANCER......Page 472 RECENT OUTCOME STUDIES......Page 473 Laryngeal and Laryngotracheoesophageal Cleft......Page 474 References......Page 477 IV - Abdomen......Page 483 Barriers Against GERD......Page 484 Clinical Manifestations......Page 486 Diagnostic Evaluation......Page 487 LAPAROSCOPIC NISSEN FUNDOPLICATION......Page 489 GASTROSTOMY......Page 491 Outcomes......Page 492 Redo Fundoplication......Page 496 References......Page 498 DIAGNOSIS......Page 502 The Open Approach......Page 503 The Laparoscopic Operation......Page 504 COMPLICATIONS/OUTCOMES......Page 505 Peptic Ulcer Disease......Page 506 Microgastria......Page 507 Gastric Volvulus......Page 508 Foreign Bodies and Bezoar......Page 510 References......Page 511 ETIOLOGY......Page 513 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM......Page 515 MANAGEMENT......Page 516 Stenosis......Page 519 Type III(b) Atresia......Page 520 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS......Page 522 DIAGNOSIS......Page 523 OPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 524 POSTOPERATIVE CARE......Page 525 Colonic Atresia......Page 526 References......Page 528 Presentation......Page 531 Diagnosis......Page 533 OPEN APPROACH......Page 534 LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACH......Page 535 Postoperative Management......Page 537 OTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES......Page 538 References......Page 539 GASTROINTESTINAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 541 PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND SCREENING......Page 542 SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION......Page 543 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 544 Complicated Meconium Ileus......Page 545 RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES......Page 546 Simple Meconium Ileus......Page 547 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT......Page 548 NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT......Page 549 Meconium Plug Syndrome......Page 550 BILIARY TRACT DISEASE......Page 551 DISTAL INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION SYNDROME......Page 552 FIBROSING COLONOPATHY......Page 554 References......Page 555 Pathophysiology......Page 560 Intestinal Motility and Digestion......Page 561 Tight Junctions......Page 562 Lipopolysaccharide......Page 563 NEONATAL VASCULATURE AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF NEC......Page 564 LABORATORY STUDIES......Page 565 Ultrasound......Page 566 Medical Management......Page 567 Primary Peritoneal Drainage......Page 568 INTESTINAL FAILURE......Page 570 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES......Page 571 PROBIOTICS......Page 572 Conclusion......Page 573 References......Page 574 Etiology and Genetic Basis of Disease......Page 581 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 582 Surgical Management......Page 583 SOAVE PROCEDURE......Page 585 TRANSANAL (PERINEAL) PULL-THROUGH......Page 586 LONG-SEGMENT AGANGLIONOSIS......Page 588 OBSTRUCTIVE SYMPTOMS......Page 590 Persistent or Acquired Aganglionosis or a Transition Zone Pull-Through......Page 592 FECAL SOILING......Page 594 ENTEROCOLITIS......Page 595 INTERNAL SPHINCTER ACHALASIA......Page 596 References......Page 597 RECTOURETHRAL FISTULAS......Page 601 ANORECTAL ATRESIA WITHOUT FISTULA......Page 602 RECTOVESTIBULAR FISTULAS......Page 603 CLOACAL MALFORMATION......Page 604 SACRUM AND SPINE......Page 605 Newborn Management......Page 606 SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION......Page 608 RECTOURETHRAL FISTULAS......Page 610 RECTOBLADDERNECK FISTULAS......Page 613 Cloacas With a Common Channel Shorter Than 3 cm......Page 614 VAGINAL AUGMENTATION AND/OR REPLACEMENT......Page 617 Postoperative Management......Page 618 Functional Outcomes......Page 619 COMPLICATIONS......Page 620 References......Page 621 Anal Canal Sensation......Page 623 Bowel Motility......Page 624 True Fecal Incontinence......Page 625 Which Children Have True Fecal Incontinence......Page 626 Bowel Management: Key Steps......Page 627 Constipation in Anorectal Malformations and Hirschsprung Disease......Page 629 Failure of Medical Management......Page 632 Surgical Options......Page 633 References......Page 635 Anal Fissure......Page 637 Anal Skin Tags, Hemorrhoids, Polyps, and Other Perianal Vascular Lesions......Page 638 Rectal Prolapse......Page 639 Rectal Trauma......Page 642 References......Page 643 Physical Examination......Page 645 ULTRASONOGRAPHY......Page 646 HYDROSTATIC AND PNEUMATIC REDUCTION......Page 647 LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACH......Page 649 Recurrent Intussusception......Page 650 References......Page 651 Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 653 ESOPHAGEAL DUPLICATIONS......Page 654 THORACOABDOMINAL DUPLICATIONS......Page 655 PANCREATIC DUPLICATIONS......Page 658 SMALL BOWEL DUPLICATIONS......Page 659 COLONIC DUPLICATIONS......Page 660 Summary......Page 662 References......Page 663 OBSTRUCTION......Page 665 Diagnosis......Page 666 Treatment......Page 668 References......Page 670 PATHOLOGY......Page 671 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 672 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT......Page 673 Preoperative Considerations......Page 674 Open Proctocolectomy With Ileoanal Pull-Through Procedure......Page 675 Laparoscopic Technique......Page 677 OUTCOMES......Page 678 ETIOLOGY......Page 679 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 680 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT......Page 681 SURGICAL MANAGEMENT......Page 682 References......Page 684 Pathophysiology and Natural History......Page 688 Appendicitis Risk Scores......Page 689 Imaging Studies......Page 690 APPENDECTOMY......Page 692 NONOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT......Page 694 Perforated Appendicitis......Page 695 SURGICAL MANAGEMENT......Page 696 Abscess on Presentation......Page 697 References......Page 698 43 - Biliary Atresia......Page 703 Pathogenesis......Page 704 Diagnosis......Page 705 OPEN SURGICAL TECHNIQUE......Page 707 MINIMALLY INVASIVE KASAI PORTOENTEROSTOMY......Page 710 CHOLAGOGUES......Page 711 PORTAL HYPERTENSION......Page 712 Results and Prognosis......Page 713 Liver Transplantation......Page 714 References......Page 715 ETIOLOGY......Page 719 IMAGING......Page 720 Bilio-Enteric Anastomosis After Cystectomy......Page 721 Laparoscopic Approach......Page 722 Hepaticoduodenostomy......Page 723 OUTCOMES......Page 724 Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Assessment......Page 725 FOUR-PORT TECHNIQUE......Page 726 SINGLE-SITE LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY......Page 727 References......Page 729 Alagille Syndrome......Page 733 Fulminant Hepatic Failure......Page 734 Organ Allocation......Page 735 Donor Selection......Page 736 THE TRANSPLANT PROCEDURE......Page 738 POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS......Page 739 Vascular Thrombosis......Page 740 Biliary Complications......Page 741 Renal Insufficiency......Page 742 Infection......Page 743 OUTCOMES FOLLOWING TRANSPLANTATION......Page 744 INDICATIONS FOR TRANSPLANTATION......Page 745 Multivisceral Allograft......Page 746 Liver–Small Bowel Composite Allograft......Page 747 Immunosuppression and Allograft Rejection......Page 748 Renal Transplantation......Page 749 Nutritional Support......Page 750 PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION......Page 751 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT......Page 752 INFECTION......Page 753 IMMUNOSUPPRESSION......Page 754 DECEASED DONOR WHOLE ORGAN PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION......Page 755 PEDIATRIC ISLET TRANSPLANTATION......Page 756 References......Page 757 Congenital Anomalies......Page 761 ACUTE PANCREATITIS......Page 762 CHRONIC PANCREATITIS......Page 766 CONGENITAL HYPERINSULINISM......Page 767 PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE TUMORS......Page 769 ADENOCARCINOMA AND PANCREATOBLASTOMA......Page 770 References......Page 772 ACCESSORY SPLEENS......Page 774 HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS......Page 775 IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA......Page 776 OPEN SPLENECTOMY......Page 777 LAPAROSCOPIC SPLENECTOMY......Page 778 SINGLE-INCISION LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY AND SINGLE-INCISION LAPAROENDOSCOPIC SURGERY SPLENECTOMY......Page 779 PARTIAL SPLENECTOMY......Page 780 POSTOPERATIVE HOSPITALIZATION......Page 782 POSTSPLENECTOMY SEPSIS......Page 783 References......Page 784 INCIDENCE, EMBRYOLOGY, AND ETIOLOGY......Page 787 PRENATAL MANAGEMENT AND DELIVERY......Page 788 Primary Closure......Page 789 Staged Closure......Page 790 Management of Associated Intestinal Atresia......Page 791 CLOSING GASTROSCHISIS......Page 792 POSTOPERATIVE COURSE......Page 793 LONG-TERM OUTCOMES......Page 794 RISK ASSESSMENT AND STAGING......Page 795 Staged Neonatal Closure......Page 796 Scarification Treatment......Page 797 LONG-TERM OUTCOMES......Page 799 References......Page 800 TREATMENT......Page 804 Spigelian Hernia......Page 805 References......Page 806 V - Inguinal Region and Scrotum......Page 807 Embryology......Page 808 Clinical Findings......Page 809 INCARCERATION......Page 812 OPEN REPAIR......Page 814 LAPAROSCOPIC REPAIR......Page 816 Comparison of Open Versus Laparoscopic Repairs......Page 820 DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 822 ANESTHESIA......Page 823 References......Page 824 EMBRYOLOGY......Page 829 DIAGNOSIS......Page 830 RISK OF MALIGNANCY......Page 831 Orchiopexy......Page 832 Nonpalpable Undescended Testes: Unilateral or Bilateral......Page 833 PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 837 CARCINOMA IN SITU......Page 838 Yolk Sac Tumors......Page 839 Mixed Germ Cell Tumor......Page 840 References......Page 841 Testicular Torsion......Page 845 TORSION OF TESTICULAR APPENDAGES......Page 848 TESTICULAR TRAUMA......Page 849 References......Page 850 VI - UROLOGY......Page 851 Renal Dysplasia and Hypoplasia......Page 852 Renal Agenesis......Page 853 Renal Ectopia......Page 854 HORSESHOE KIDNEY......Page 856 AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE......Page 857 SIMPLE CYSTS AND CALYCEAL DIVERTICULI......Page 858 References......Page 859 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 861 DIAGNOSIS......Page 862 Indications for Intervention......Page 863 Operative Techniques......Page 865 SURGICAL RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS......Page 866 URETERAL DUPLICATION......Page 867 URETERAL TRIPLICATION......Page 868 Treatment......Page 869 Ectopic Ureter in Girls......Page 870 Bilateral Single Ectopic Ureters......Page 871 PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 872 TREATMENT......Page 873 References......Page 874 DIAGNOSIS......Page 877 EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 878 Bacterial Factors......Page 879 Current Controversies......Page 880 Acute Phase......Page 881 Vesicoureteral Reflux......Page 882 CLASSIFICATION......Page 883 NATURAL HISTORY......Page 884 Medical Management......Page 886 Surgical Management......Page 887 CONCLUSION......Page 890 References......Page 891 Childhood Incontinence......Page 894 Medications......Page 895 Treatment......Page 896 Neurogenic Bladder......Page 897 CHILDHOOD MANAGEMENT......Page 898 SURGICAL TREATMENT......Page 900 MEGALOURETHRA......Page 903 URETHRAL DIVERTICULUM OR ANTERIOR URETHRAL VALVE......Page 904 References......Page 905 Antenatal Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes......Page 908 Radiographic Evaluation......Page 910 Initial Management......Page 911 TEMPORARY URINARY DIVERSION......Page 912 PROGNOSIS FOLLOWING INITIAL SURGICAL THERAPY......Page 914 Late Diagnosis......Page 915 Bladder Dysfunction After Initial Therapy......Page 916 References......Page 918 PATHOGENESIS......Page 921 OPERATIVE APPROACHES......Page 922 Anatomic Reconstruction......Page 923 Delayed Primary Closure......Page 924 COMPLETE PRIMARY REPAIR FOR EXSTROPHY......Page 925 Preparation and Assessment of the Anatomy......Page 926 Urethral Plate Dissection......Page 927 Approximation of Tissues (Tubularization of Neourethra, Bladder Neck Approximation, Bladder Closure)......Page 928 Preparation and Assessment of the Anatomy......Page 930 OTHER PRIMARY RECONSTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES......Page 931 Stage II: Epispadias Repair......Page 932 Early Complications......Page 933 Sexual Function......Page 934 ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES......Page 935 CLOACAL EXSTROPHY CLOSURE TECHNIQUES......Page 936 References......Page 937 Embryology......Page 942 ETIOLOGY......Page 943 ANATOMY OF THE DEFECT......Page 944 ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES......Page 945 Treatment......Page 946 Locating the Meatus......Page 947 DISTAL VARIANTS......Page 948 MIDSHAFT VARIANTS......Page 949 Urinary Diversion......Page 951 Analgesia......Page 952 STRICTURES......Page 954 Results......Page 955 References......Page 956 Routine Circumcision at Birth......Page 959 NEWBORN CIRCUMCISION......Page 961 REVISION CIRCUMCISION......Page 962 FREEHAND CIRCUMCISION......Page 963 References......Page 964 Genetics......Page 966 Ureters......Page 967 Prostate and Accessory Sex Organs......Page 968 Gastrointestinal......Page 969 Management Principles......Page 970 URETERAL RECONSTRUCTION......Page 971 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL......Page 972 Conclusion......Page 973 References......Page 974 Normal Gender and Sexual Differentiation......Page 977 46,XX DSD......Page 978 46,XY DSD......Page 979 MÜLLERIAN-INHIBITORY SUBSTANCE DEFICIENCY (HERNIA UTERINE INGUINALE)......Page 980 MIXED GONADAL DYSGENESIS......Page 981 OTHER SYNDROMES OF ABERRANT SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION......Page 982 Evaluation of the Newborn With Ambiguous Genitalia......Page 983 CONTROVERSIES AND CONSIDERATIONS......Page 984 FEMALE GENDER ASSIGNMENT......Page 985 References......Page 988 VII - Neoplasms......Page 991 History of Pediatric Oncology......Page 992 Tumor Biology: Understanding Childhood Cancer and Treatment Principles......Page 993 Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy......Page 994 Chemotherapeutic Agents......Page 995 LONG-TERM SIDE EFFECTS OF CANCER THERAPY IN CHILDREN......Page 996 BIOLOGIC RESPONSE MODIFIERS......Page 1001 TUMOR-TARGETED ANTIBODY THERAPY......Page 1002 RADIATION ONCOLOGY......Page 1003 CRYOSURGERY......Page 1004 LYMPHATIC MAPPING......Page 1005 References......Page 1006 HISTORY......Page 1010 EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1011 WTX......Page 1012 PATHOLOGIC PRECURSORS: NEPHROGENIC RESTS, NEPHROBLASTOMATOSIS, AND MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEYS......Page 1013 PATHOLOGY......Page 1015 STAGING......Page 1017 CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 1018 Surgical Details......Page 1019 Intravascular Extension......Page 1020 CHEMOTHERAPY......Page 1022 PRETREATMENT PRIOR TO SURGERY......Page 1023 RADIOTHERAPY......Page 1024 General Health......Page 1025 Congestive Heart Failure......Page 1026 Mesoblastic Nephroma......Page 1027 Cystic Nephroma......Page 1028 Renal Medullary Carcinoma......Page 1029 References......Page 1030 Pathology......Page 1034 HISTOPATHOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION......Page 1035 Molecular Biology......Page 1036 SEGMENTAL CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS......Page 1037 Ferritin......Page 1038 Standard Radiographs......Page 1039 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 1040 STAGING......Page 1041 INTERMEDIATE-RISK DISEASE......Page 1042 HIGH-RISK DISEASE......Page 1043 International Neuroblastoma Risk Group Risk Stratification......Page 1044 LOCOREGIONAL DISEASE IN PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC DISEASE......Page 1046 DELAYED SURGICAL RESECTION OF LOCOREGIONAL DISEASE......Page 1047 OPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS......Page 1048 INTRASPINAL EXTENSION OF NEUROBLASTOMA......Page 1049 OPSOCLONUS–MYOCLONUS SYNDROME......Page 1050 References......Page 1051 Clinical Presentation......Page 1055 Imaging......Page 1057 Treatment......Page 1058 Epidemiology......Page 1059 Histology......Page 1060 Incidence......Page 1061 Histology......Page 1062 Clinical Presentation......Page 1063 Associated Conditions......Page 1064 Epidemiology......Page 1065 Histology......Page 1066 Clinical Presentation......Page 1067 Staging and Risk Stratification......Page 1068 Treatment......Page 1069 Outcomes......Page 1074 Clinical Presentation......Page 1075 Histology......Page 1076 Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma......Page 1077 Imaging......Page 1078 Laboratory Findings and Differential Diagnosis......Page 1079 New Therapeutic Treatment Options for Liver Tumors......Page 1080 References......Page 1083 EMBRYOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY......Page 1090 ASSOCIATED ANOMALIES......Page 1091 SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA......Page 1093 Diagnosis......Page 1094 Prenatal Diagnosis......Page 1095 Prognosis......Page 1096 Mediastinal Teratomas......Page 1100 Retroperitoneal Teratomas......Page 1101 HEAD AND NECK TERATOMAS......Page 1102 Others......Page 1104 DERMOID CYSTS......Page 1105 EPIDERMAL CYSTS......Page 1107 Warts......Page 1108 Neurofibromas......Page 1109 Congenital Epulis......Page 1112 ADIPOSE TISSUE TUMORS......Page 1113 References......Page 1114 INCIDENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1121 CLASSIFICATION AND HISTOLOGIC SUBTYPING......Page 1122 CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 1123 STAGING......Page 1124 Principles of Therapy......Page 1125 Stage, Histology, and Response-Based Therapy......Page 1126 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma......Page 1127 CLASSIFICATION......Page 1128 By Initial Site of Disease......Page 1129 By Histologic Subtype......Page 1130 DIAGNOSIS......Page 1131 TREATMENT......Page 1132 EARLY COMPLICATIONS......Page 1133 References......Page 1134 Tumor Biology and Histology......Page 1139 Assessment......Page 1140 CLINICAL GROUP......Page 1141 RADIOTHERAPY......Page 1142 Abdominal Sites......Page 1143 Perineal and Perianal Disease......Page 1144 Genitourinary......Page 1145 Metastatic Disease and Recurrent Rhabdomyosarcoma......Page 1146 Late Effects......Page 1147 References......Page 1148 VIII - Skin and Soft Tissue Diseases......Page 1151 PRESENTATION......Page 1152 RISK FACTORS......Page 1153 MANAGEMENT......Page 1154 PRESENTATION......Page 1155 NEUROCUTANEOUS MELANOCYTOSIS......Page 1156 CLASSIFICATION......Page 1157 ATYPICAL SPITZ NEVI/TUMORS......Page 1158 EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 1159 PRESENTATION......Page 1160 SURGICAL TREATMENT......Page 1162 ADJUVANT TREATMENT......Page 1163 FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 1165 References......Page 1166 Vascular Tumors......Page 1171 Clinical Features......Page 1172 Associated Congenital Anomalies......Page 1173 Treatment......Page 1174 CONGENITAL HEMANGIOMA......Page 1176 TUFTED ANGIOMA AND KAPOSIFORM HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA......Page 1177 Vascular Malformations......Page 1178 CAPILLARY MALFORMATIONS......Page 1179 Imaging......Page 1180 Treatment......Page 1181 Clinical Features......Page 1182 Treatment......Page 1184 Treatment......Page 1185 KLIPPEL–TRENAUNAY SYNDROME......Page 1186 PARKES WEBER SYNDROME......Page 1188 Interdisciplinary Vascular Anomalies Center......Page 1189 References......Page 1190 THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST......Page 1195 REMNANTS OF EMBRYONIC BRANCHIAL APPARATUS......Page 1197 First Cleft Anomalies......Page 1199 Third and Fourth Cleft Anomalies......Page 1201 PREAURICULAR PITS, SINUSES, AND CYSTS......Page 1202 DERMOID AND EPIDERMOID CYSTS......Page 1203 TORTICOLLIS......Page 1205 ACUTE SUPPURATIVE CERVICAL LYMPHADENITIS......Page 1206 CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE......Page 1207 References......Page 1208 IX - Special Topics......Page 1211 VULVAR ABNORMALITIES......Page 1212 GENITAL BLEEDING......Page 1214 Uterovaginal Anomalies......Page 1215 Adnexal Disease......Page 1217 OVARIAN CYSTS IN ADOLESCENTS......Page 1218 IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS......Page 1219 TUMOR MARKERS......Page 1220 Adnexal Torsion......Page 1223 POSTOPERATIVE SURVEILLANCE......Page 1224 Endometriosis......Page 1225 Fertility Preservation......Page 1226 References......Page 1227 Pathophysiology......Page 1230 HYPOPLASIA AND APLASIA......Page 1231 GYNECOMASTIA......Page 1232 BREAST TRAUMA AND FAT NECROSIS......Page 1233 GALACTORRHEA......Page 1234 EVALUATION OF BREAST MASSES......Page 1235 SIMPLE CYSTS......Page 1236 Phyllodes Tumors......Page 1237 BREAST CANCER......Page 1238 References......Page 1239 Goiter and Thyroiditis......Page 1241 Graves Disease......Page 1242 Hypothyroidism......Page 1243 Thyroid Nodules......Page 1244 Thyroid Carcinoma......Page 1245 Primary Hyperparathyroidism......Page 1249 Neonatal Severe Hyperparathyroidism and Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia......Page 1250 Cortisol......Page 1251 Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome)......Page 1252 Primary Hyperaldosteronism......Page 1253 Adrenocortical Carcinoma......Page 1254 ADRENAL MEDULLA......Page 1256 PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY IN BOYS......Page 1257 Carcinoid Tumors......Page 1258 References......Page 1259 BARIATRIC PROGRAMS FOR ADOLESCENTS......Page 1264 Physical Maturation......Page 1265 Surgical Options......Page 1266 PREOPERATIVE EDUCATION AND MANAGEMENT......Page 1267 GENERAL ASPECTS OF SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE MORBIDLY OBESE......Page 1268 Postoperative Management......Page 1270 Long-Term Management......Page 1272 References......Page 1273 A......Page 1277 B......Page 1280 C......Page 1282 D......Page 1286 E......Page 1287 F......Page 1289 G......Page 1290 H......Page 1292 I......Page 1294 L......Page 1296 M......Page 1298 N......Page 1300 O......Page 1302 P......Page 1303 R......Page 1306 S......Page 1307 T......Page 1310 U......Page 1312 V......Page 1314 Z......Page 1315 IBC......Page 1317

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