Heritage and the Sea: Volume 1: Maritime History and Archaeology of the Global Iberian World (15th-18th centuries)

Description

This two-volume set highlights the importance of Iberian shipbuilding in the centuries of the so-called first globalization (15th to 18th), in confluence with an unprecedented extension of ocean navigation and seafaring and a greater demand for natural resources (especially timber), mostly oak (Quercus spp.) and Pine (Pinus spp.). The chapters are framed in a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary line of research that integrates history, Geographic Information Sciences, underwater archaeology, dendrochronology and wood provenance techniques. This line of research was developed during the ForSEAdiscovery project, which had a great impact in the academic and scientific world and brought together experts from Europe and America. The volumes deliver a state-of-the-art review of the latest lines of research related to Iberian maritime history and archaeology and their developing interdisciplinary interaction with dendroarchaeology. This synthesis combines an analysis of historical sources, the systematic study of wreck-remains and material culture related to Iberian seafaring from the 15th to the 18th centuries, and the application of earth sciences, including dendrochronology. The set can be used as a manual or work guide for experts and students, and will also be an interesting read for non-experts interested in the subject. Volume 1 focuses on the history and archaeology of seafaring and shipbuilding in the Iberian early modern world, complemented by case studies on timber trade and supply for shipbuilding, analysis of shipbuilding treatises, and the application of Geographic Information Systems and Databases (GIS) to the study of shipwrecks. Preface Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Remains of the Shipwreck: An Introduction to the Iberian Maritime and Underwater Landscape References Chpater 2: A Paradigm of Inter and Multidisciplinary Research: The ForSEAdiscovery Project 1 Introduction 2 Historical Background 3 The ForSEAdiscovery Methodological Framework 4 Interdisciplinarity 5 Archaeological Research 6 Dendro-Archaeology: Wood Provenance and Techniques 7 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Life and Death in the Spanish Carrera de Indias: Ships, Merchants, Cargoes, and Routes 1 The Great Convergence and the Iberian Atlantic World 2 Indias Fleet 3 Port Geography in the Americas 4 Fairs, Goods, and Returns 5 Ships, Wrecks, and Another Avatar References Chapter 4: Iberian Ships of the Early Modern Period 1 Introduction 2 Origins of Portuguese Ship Construction for the Atlantic 3 The Germanic Influence in the Fifth Century 4 North African Influence in the Eighth Century 5 Mediterranean Influence: The Genoese between the 12th and 16th Centuries 5.1 A Second Wave of Northern Influence in the Fourteenth Century 6 Conclusion 6.1 Flush Laid Planking 6.2 Preassembled Central Frames 6.3 Dovetail Scarfs 6.4 Floor/Futtock Fasteners 6.5 Planking Nails and Treenails 6.6 Sternpost Scarfed to Stern Knee 6.7 Stern Deadwood Knee 6.8 Y-Timbers Tabbed to Deadwood 6.9 Keelson Notched over Floors 6.10 Maststep Is Expanded Keelson 6.11 Buttresses and Stringers 6.12 Ceiling/Filler Planks 6.13 Rigging Chain Assemblies 6.14 Flat Transom 6.15 Carved Garboard References Chapter 5: Ship Types in Portugal and Spain 1 Introduction 2 Barca 3 Caravelas 3.1 Documental Evidence 3.2 Caravelas Latinas 3.3 Caravelas de Alfama 3.4 Caravelas Redondas 3.5 Caravelas de Armada 3.6 Caravelões 4 Naus 5 Navios 6 Navetas 7 Galleons 8 Galleasses 9 Pinazas 10 Pataches 11 Frigates References Chapter 6: The Iberian Peninsula Between Two Seas: Shipbuilding Revolution in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean, Fourteenth to Fifteenth Centuries 1 Introduction 1.1 Information Sources and Iberian Naval Technology 2 The Written Documentation 3 The Iconographic Documentation 4 The Archaeological Documentation 5 Shipbuilding 5.1 Mediterranean Naval Technology 5.2 Atlantic Naval Technology 6 Enclaves and Technological Aliens 7 The Beginning of Maritime Traffic Between the Two Seas 7.1 From the Mediterranean to Flanders and England, and Flemish and English Vessels into the Mediterranean? 8 The Late Medieval Naval Revolution (Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries) 8.1 The Naval Revolution in the Mediterranean (Fourteenth Century) 9 Of naus and carracas 9.1 The Atlantic Naval Revolution (Fifteenth Century) References Chapter 7: An Insight into Mediterranean Naval Architecture in the Sixteenth Century Through the Texts of Nicolò Sagri (1538–1571). A Comparative Perspective with Ibero-Atlantic Shipbuilding 1 Il Carteggiatore’s Contribution to the Knowledge of Naval Architecture of Ragusan/Italian Influence. Study of the Dimensions, the Proportions, and Reconstruction of Sagri’s Nave 1.1 The Nave 1.2 The Relationship Between the Three Main Dimensions of the Ship 1.3 Reconstruction of Shapes Relying on a Network of Secondary Proportions 1.3.1 The Transverse Shape: Depth, Width of Decks, Maximum Breadth and Waterline 1.3.2 The Longitudinal Shape 2 Mediterranean and Ibero-Atlantic Naval Architecture: A Comparative Study of Two Ways of Building Ships in the Sixteenth Century in the Light of Texts by Nicolò Sagri and Iberian Authors 2.1 Preliminary Considerations 2.1.1 Criteria for Depth Measurement 2.1.2 Vertical Distribution of Spaces 2.1.3 Some Technical Characteristics 2.1.4 The Proportions of Sixteenth Century Merchant Ships in the Iberian Atlantic 2.1.5 Comparative Table of Dimensions of Sagri’s Ship Vs. Atlantic Ships 2.1.6 Summary Table Comparing Data (Table 7.4) 2.1.7 The ‘Nueva Fabrica’ (‘New Shipbuilding’) of Juan de Veas and the Ordinances of the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century 3 Tonnage Formulas as an Architectural Index in the Light of Nicolò Sagri‘s Manuscript 3.1 Generalities 3.1.1 Tonnage as Volume: Gross and Net Tonnage 3.1.2 Tonnage as Weight: Displacements Tonnage and Deadweight Tonnage 3.1.3 Block Coefficient and Its Relation with Ship Proportions 3.1.4 Formulas, Method of Study and ‘Block Coefficient of the Hold’ 3.1.5 The 5% Reduction, or 0.95 Factor 3.2 Sagri’s Formulas for Net Tonnage 3.2.1 Sagri’s First Formula for Net Tonnage (Piedi to Salme) 3.2.2 Sagri’s Second Formula for Net Tonnage (Piedi to Carri) 3.2.3 Sagri’s Third Formula for Net Tonnage (Chobitti to Salme) 3.2.4 The Application of Sagri’s Formulas 3.2.5 The Survival of Sagri’s Third Formula in the Seventeenth Century 3.3 Tonnage Determination in Spain in the Sixteenth Century 3.3.1 Tonnage Determination in Spain in the First Half of Sixteenth Century 3.3.2 The Presidente-Visitador’s Formula (c.1560–1570) 3.3.3 Captain Rodrigo Vargas’ Formula (c.1565–1575) 3.3.4 The Busturia’s and Barros’ Formula (Busturia, 1568; Barros, 1580; Real Cédula, 1590) 3.4 Tonnage in Portugal in the Sixteenth Century 3.5 Tonnage in Genoa in the Sixteenth Century 3.5.1 Tonnage Formulas of Today for Genoese Renaissance Ships 3.5.2 Two Genoese navi of the Sixteenth Century and Their Tonnage 3.6 Comparison 4 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Trade and Traders of North European Timber and Other Naval Provisions in Sixteenth-Century Seville 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Andalusia: A Poor shipbuilding Industry, A Main Logistical Node 8.3 Timber Traders in Seville 8.4 The Market of Timber and Naval Provisions 8.5 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Supplying Timber for his Majesty’s Fleets: Forest Resources and Maritime Struggle in Portugal (1621–1634) 1 Introduction: Timber Competition in Portugal 2 The “Hectic” Shipbuilding Years (1617–1625) 3 Timber and Shipbuilding for Maritime Struggle (1626–1634) 4 Extraordinary Commissions to Keep the Monarchy Afloat 5 Protecting Forests, Wood, and Timber 6 Assessing Portuguese Timber Quality for Shipbuilding 7 Where Did the Timber Come From? In Which Fleets Was This Timber Used? References Chapter 10: Historical Documents as Sources for the Study of Shipbuilding in Spain 1 Introduction 2 Documentation for the Study of Shipbuilding in Spain 2.1 Legislative Compendia, Sets of Ordinances, and Cédulas 2.2 Representations and Reports to Boards and Councils, in Some Cases Drafts of Treatises That Were Never Published or Less Well Known 2.3 Correspondence, Entries, Contracts, and Other Documents 3 Epilogue: the consolidation of a Hispanic Naval School in the Eighteenth Century References Chapter 11: Iberian Documents and Treatises on Shipbuilding 1 Introduction 2 Tonnage and Units 3 Catalogue of Iberian Texts 4 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Maritime Vocabulary in Texts: Friar Joseph de Ledezma (1701) 1 Introduction 2 Nautical Jargon 2.1 Maritime Vocabularies 2.2 The Manuscript 3 Conclusions Vocabulary A B C D E F G Y J L M O P Q R S T V X Z Trades and Officers of the Ship References Chapter 13: GIS Application for Sixteenth–Seventeenth Century Iberian Shipwrecks 13.1 Geographically Integrated History and Maritime Archaeology 13.2 GIS Applications in Maritime Archaeology: Background 13.3 Historic Context and Iberian Shipwrecks 13.4 Methodology 13.4.1 Primary Sources: Archivo General de Las Indias, Seville 13.4.2 Searching Documentation: Website PARES 13.4.3 Names of Ships 13.4.4 Placenames (Locations) and Geographical Coordinates 13.4.5 Iberian Shipwrecks Database 13.5 Database Structure 13.6 Geographic Information System (GIS) Application 13.6.1 Requiring Information 13.7 Analysis of Shipwrecks Database 13.7.1 Mapping Historical Shipwrecks 13.8 Databases, GIS, and Internet 13.9 Discussion and Conclusions References Index