Magnetically-Controlled Shunt Reactors: Historical Overview, Operating Principles, Computer Simulation and Return of Experience

Description

This book offers a unique reference-guide to magnetically controlled shunt reactors. In particular, it focuses on simulating and estimating the efficiency of the application of controlled shunt reactors with different operating principles and design. It offers extensive details on computer simulation and related automatic control systems, and reports on practical case studies. This book, which is based on practical investigations performed by the authors at the Department of Electrical Systems and Networks of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, offers the first comprehensive guide to the operation and design of magnetically controlled shunt reactors. It addresses both researchers and engineers in the field of power systems. Preface Introduction Contents Abbreviations Part I Basic Principles 1 Brief History of Controlled Shunt Reactor Invention References 2 Controlled Shunt Compensation 2.1 Reducing Active Power Losses in Electric Power Transmission Systems Equipped with Controlled Shunt Reactors (at Intermediate Substations and at the Buses of Power Stations) 2.2 Increasing the Limiting Values of Power Transmitted Over Electric Power Transmission Systems with Controlled Shunt Reactors Installed at Intermediate Substations 2.3 Increasing the Limiting Value of Power Defined by the Aperiodic Stability Condition in Electric Power Transmission Systems Equipped with Controlled Shunt Reactors at Intermediate Substations 2.4 Estimating the Effect of a Controlled Shunt Reactor Installed at the Buses of a Power Station on the Small-Signal Stability Performance of the Electric Power Transmission System 2.4.1 Equivalent Circuit and Its Parameters 2.4.2 Comparative Evaluation of CSR/SR Influence on the Small-Signal Stability Indices with no Account Taken of the Stabilization Channels of the Generator AVR 2.4.3 Comparative Evaluation of CSR/SR Influence on the Small-Signal Stability Indices with Account Taken of the Stabilization Channels of the Generator AER 2.4.4 Determining the Requirements to the Expedient Combination of the Gain Factors of the Proportional Voltage Control Channels of the Generator AER and CSR Regulator 2.4.5 Estimating the Effectiveness of CSR Installation at the Buses of an Electric Power Plant with Generators Equipped with Modern Microprocessor Excitation Regulators 2.4.6 Computation of Small-Signal Stability Limits for Circuits with CSR/SR References 3 Operating Principle and Design Features of a Magnetically Controlled Shunt Reactor 3.1 Magnetic System of a Controlled Reactor 3.2 Windings of a Controlled Reactor 3.2.1 Power Winding 3.2.2 Control Winding 3.2.3 Compensation Winding 3.3 Design Modifications and the Range of Manufactured CSRs 3.3.1 CSR with a Capacity Lower than 32 MVAr 3.3.2 CSR with a Capacity Above 32 MVAr 3.3.3 Technical Characteristics of the Most Widespread CSRs 4 Method of Controlled Shunt Reactor Computer Simulation 4.1 Main Constructive Elements of the Reactor RTU-180000/500 and Its Simulation 4.2 Magnetization Characteristic of Steel 4.3 Modelling Reactors of Arbitrary Design References 5 Operating Conditions of CSR, Simulation and Operation of the Automatic Control System (ACS) 5.1 General Description of ACS 5.2 Detailed Description of the Operation Algorithms of the ACS Channels and Its Operating Modes 5.2.1 Automatic Voltage Stabilization Mode 5.2.2 Mode of Forced Power Picking Up 5.2.3 Mode of Forced Power Shedding 5.2.4 Mode of Automatic Current Stabilization in the Power Winding 5.3 Examples of ACS Operation for the Reactor RTU-180000/500 5.3.1 Example of ACS Operation in the Circuit “Line with SR and CSR” 5.3.2 Example of ACS Operation in the Circuit “Line with CSR and SCB” 5.3.3 Example of ACS Operation in the Current Stabilization Mode Part II Special Application Scenarios 6 Internal Overvoltages on Overhead Transmission Lines with Controlled Shunt Reactors 6.1 SA and Internal Overvoltages 6.2 Temporary Overvoltages 6.2.1 Open-End Closing of an Overhead Transmission Line 6.2.2 Open-End Closing of an Overhead Transmission Line to a Single-Phase Short Circuit 6.2.3 Breaking of an Electric Power Transmission System 6.3 Switching Overvoltages 6.3.1 Open-End Closing of an Overhead Transmission Line 6.3.2 Open-End Closing of an Overhead Transmission Line to a Single-Phase Short Circuit 6.3.3 Breaking of the Electric Power Transmission System References 7 Single-phase Auto-reclosure of Overhead Transmission Lines with Reactors 7.1 Fault Current Contribution in the Single-Phase Auto-reclosing Cycle 7.1.1 Electrostatic Component of the Fault Contribution Current 7.1.2 Component of the Fault Contribution Current from CSR 7.1.3 Component of the Fault Contribution Current from SR 7.1.4 Electromagnetic Component of the Fault Contribution Current 7.1.5 Recommendations on the Reduction of the Fault Contribution Current in the SPAR Cycle 7.2 Recovery Voltage in the SPAR Cycle 7.2.1 The Case a Phase of CSR is Open 7.2.2 The Case the Delta-Connected Windings of CSR Are Shunted 7.2.3 Recommendations on the Recovery Voltage in the SPAR Cycle References 8 Limiting Aperiodic Currents of Line Circuit Breakers with the Help of CSR 8.1 Aperiodic Currents at the Energization of Uncontrolled Reactors 8.2 Aperiodic Currents at CSR Energization 8.3 Limiting Aperiodic Currents with the Help of Pre-Insertion Resistors 8.4 Limiting Aperiodic Currents with the Help of Controlled Switching Devices 8.5 Methods of Choosing Measures for Limiting Aperiodic Currents 8.6 Special Capabilities of CSR for Limiting Aperiodic Currents 8.7 Conclusion References 9 Voltage Stability Enhancement by Use of Reactive Power Compensation 9.1 Equivalent Circuit and Its Main Characteristics 9.2 Enhancement of the Load Bus Stability Under Short Circuits 9.3 Improving the Conditions of the Start-Up of Large Induction Electric Motors References 10 Analysis of the Overvoltage Affecting the Converter and the Insulation of the CSR Control Winding 10.1 Possible Causes of Dangerous Switching Overvoltages at the Terminals of the Control Winding 10.2 Switching a Three-Phase Group of Single-Phase CSRs 10.3 Switching a Three-Phase CSR 10.4 Estimating the Influence Which Non-simultaneous Switching of the Phases of the Reactor Circuit Breaker has on the Value of Overvoltage 10.5 Switching Operation of CSR Energization Preceded by Its Disconnection Under the Condition of 50% Load Consumption 10.6 Conclusion 11 Special Topics in Design and Commissioning of CSR Complexes 11.1 Design Solutions and Equipment Arrangement 11.2 Realization of the Control, Supervision and Self-Diagnostic Functions of a CSR Complex 11.3 Specific Features of CSR Relay Protection 11.4 Putting CSR in Commercial Operation, Field Testing References Appendix A Appendix B