Fundamentals of Chemistry

Description

DescriptionThis book is about fundamental concepts that any chemistry student should not only be aware of but proficient at. This book deals with the states of matter, the mole, the shapes of molecules, the elements and their properties in the periodic table, the electronic structure of the elements and includes many numerical examples to apply the newly-learned concepts. Solutions to the exercises will be provided in the second volume of “Fundamental of Chemistry”.ContentFundamentals of ChemistryAim of this BookScope of this BookSubstances and ReactionsClassifying SubstancesSolids, Liquids and GasesChanging stateElementMetals & Non-metalsChemical symbolsCompoundMixturePhysical separationPhysical and chemical changeElements, mixtures or compounds?Atomic theoryChemical formulaeIonNaming CompoundsChemical Equations Subatomic Structure Relative Atomic MassChemical equationsAtomic StructureFundamental subatomic particlesChemical MassesMass spectrometerTh e MoleIntroductionWhy is the mole useful?MoleculesIonic compoundsUseful relationships involving the moleMass Percentage composition of elements in compoundsEmpirical formulae of compoundsTh eoretical yieldPercentage yieldLimiting reagentSolutions and ConcentrationsIntroductionDissolvingConcentrationChanging volumeMost useful unit of concentration - MolarityEquation to learnIonic SolutionsDiluting SolutionsTh e pH scaleOther units for concentrationElectromagnetic Radiation and SpectroscopyElectromagnetic SpectrumDefinition of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)Energy of LightEmission SpectraAbsorption SpectraUses of spectroscopyQuantum theoryInterpreting electronic spectraQuantum-Mechanical ModelSublevelss orbitalsp orbitalsd orbitalsQuantum NumbersTh e Pauli Exclusion PrincipleElectronic Confi gurationTh e Aufb au PrincipleSummaryElectron Confi guration Bonding Redox equationsValence Electrons and BondingValence electronsBondingLewis diagramsSingle and multiple covalent bondsRedox reactionsSummaryShapes of MoleculesExceptions to the octet ruleExceptions to the octet ruleLimitations of Lewis structuresShapes of covalent moleculesMolecules with lone pairsDistorted shapesExercise - What shape is an ammonia molecule?Non-equivalent positionsMolecules with lone pairsLimitations with Lewis structuresMetallic bondingIonic and CovalentElectronegativityPolar bondsIntermolecular forcesChemical Bonding and Solid StructuresIntroductionGiant metallic structures and their propertiesGiant Ionic structures and their propertiesMolecular structures and their propertiesSimple molecular structures and their propertiesTrends in the Periodic TableHistorical trendsMendeleev’s table ()Modern Periodic TableMetals / non-metalsPhysical PropertiesElectronegativityTrends across a PeriodTrends down a GroupThermochemistryIntroductionForms of EnergyEnergy and Chemical ReactionsEnthalpy, HHeat Energy and Chemical ReactionsEnthalpy and Enthalpy ChangeEndothermic reactionsEnthalpy and Enthalpy ChangeTh ermochemical equationsStandard State Enthalpy ChangesStandard State EnthalpiesSpecifi c heat capacityStandard State EnthalpiesSummaryAbout the AuthorDoctor Romain R. El Sair BSc, MSc, MPhil, PhD, AMRSCDr. Romain El Sair studied at the Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Italy (BSc), at the Université des Sciences et Techniques in Nantes, France (MSc) and Brighton, UK where he gained a Doctorate Degree in Organic Chemistry in the year 2010. Romain’s PhD thesis is entitled “Synthesis and Reaction of Novel Bridgehead Heterocycles” where he developed a quick and cheap approach to potentially synthesise anti-cancer molecules. Romain has spent three years from 2009 to 2011, teaching chemistry in both laboratories and classes.He focussed his teaching on analytical and physical chemistry whilst laboratories were more organic chemistry orientated. Romain has taught students at various academic levels from A-Level to Masters Degree and has been involved in several research projects with BSc and MSc students. Romain is a Fellow Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry since 2006.Since 2009, Romain started to work in the Renewables Energy sector where he specialised in the solar photovoltaic (PV) field. He currently works for a large engineering company based in Brighton, undertaking the technical assessment of multi-million solar PV plants for mainly Lenders, Invertors, Funds and Banks.His major interest in the PV sector includes the estimation of the energy output generated by the plant and the assessment of the solar resource at any particular location on the planet. Romain has been involved with PV projects in several countries (France, Spain, UK, Czech Republic, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, South Africa and Thailand).