First aid for the Emergency Medicine Oral Boards

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COVER Untitled Copyright DEDICATION Contents Contributors Preface Chapter 1.0. Getting Started Introduction Timing and Location Detailed Description of the Exam Day The Oral Board Exam Format Content Pass Rates Recommended Study Plan Chapter 2.0. The General Approach: Keys to Managing and Organizing Your Information General Information Approach Pearls Chapter 3.1. Airway Management Initial Assessment Basic Airway Management Noninvasive Ventilatory Support Indications for Intubation Initial Approach to Intubation Orotracheal Intubation Technique Chapter 3.2. BLS/ACLS BLS: Basic Life Support ACLS: Advanced Cardiac Life Support Immediate Interventions Management of Pulseless Arrest Management of Bradycardia Management of Acute Pulmonary Edema, Hypotension, and Shock Management of Tachycardia Chapter 3.3. PALS/NALS Initial Assessment Basic Life Support Neonatal Advanced Life Support Chapter 3.4. Shock Definition of Shock Pathophysiology Recognizing Shock Identify the Cause Table 3-4-1. The Differential Diagnosis of Shock • PMHx: • SH: Winning Strategies Key Elements Applying to All Patients Specifi c Treatments/Interventions (Critical Patients) Use of Pressors Other Considerations (Fig. 3-4-1) Figure 3-4-1. Algorithm for diagnosis of shock. THE BOTTOM LINE Chapter 3.5. Trauma/ATLS Review General Comments Initial Assessment Primary Survey A: Airway Maintenance with Cervical Spine Protection B: Breathing and Ventilation C: Circulation with Hemorrhage Control D: Disability (Neurologic Evaluation) E: Exposure and Environmental Control Table 3-5-1. Glasgow Coma Scale Between the Primary and Secondary Survey Secondary Survey Pertinent History Head-to-toe Examination Completing the Case WINNING STRATEGIES Chapter 3.6. Acid-Base Derangements Stepwise Approach to Acid-Base Interpretation Respiratory Acidosis Respiratory Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis Chapter 3.7. Common Procedures Joint Injuries/Reductions Chapter 4.1. Abdominal Pain Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Peritonitis/SBP/PD Related Intestinal Obstruction Mesenteric Ischemia Perforated Viscus Appendicitis Pancreatitis Cholecystitis/Cholangitis Diverticulitis/Abscess Pelvic Pain/PID/TOA Ovarian Torsion Chapter 4.2. Back Pain Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Epidural Abscess Chapter 4.3. Bleeding Disorders Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Acquired Bleeding Disorders Hereditary Bleeding Disorders Chapter 4.4. Burns Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Electrical Burn Chemical Burn Thermal Burn Chapter 4.5. Change in Mental Status/Coma Initial Assessment/Intervention Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Hyperthermia Hypothermia High-Altitude Illness Endocrine: Myxedema Coma Hypoglycemia Acute Adrenal Insufficiency Diabetic Ketoacidosis Hyperosmotic Nonketotic Coma Hypernatremia Hypercalcemia Chapter 4.6. Chest Pain Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Acute Coronary Syndrome Aortic Dissection Pulmonary Embolism Pneumothorax Chapter 4.7. Psychiatric Emergencies Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Depression Psychosis Sexual Assault Chapter 4.8. The Dialysis Patient Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Hyperkalemia Pericardial Tamponade Volume Overload Bleeding from Vascular Access Site Chapter 4.9. Dyspnea/Shortness of Breath Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Asthma COPD Exacerbation Congestive Heart Failure/Pulmonary Edema Cardiac Tamponade Pneumonia Chapter 4.10. Fever Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Urinary Tract Infections Endocarditis Neutropenic Fever HIV/AIDS Cellulitis/Necrotizing Fasciitis Thyroid Storm Chapter 4.11. GI Bleed Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Upper GI Bleed Lower GI Bleed Chapter 4.12. Headache Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Pain Management Differential Diagnosis Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Temporal Arteritis Subdural Hematoma Hypertensive Encephalopathy Chapter 4.13. Paralysis Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Ischemic Stroke Spinal Cord Compression Guillain-Barré Syndrome Myasthenia Gravis Chapter 4.14. The Painful Extremity Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Arterial Embolus Deep Venous Thrombosis Septic Joint Chapter 4.15. Emergencies in Pregnancy Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis/Common Emergency Presentations of Pregnancy Ectopic Pregnancy Placenta Previa Placental Abruption Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia/HELLP Syndrome Chapter 4.16. Ophthalmologic Emergencies Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma Endophthalmitis Anterior Uveitis (Iritis) Corneal Ulcer Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Chapter 4.17. Rash/Skin Complaints Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Urticaria/Angioedema Anaphylaxis Erythema Multiforme Chapter 4.18. Seizure Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Generalized Seizure Disorders Status Epilepticus Meningitis Metabolic Abnormalities Alcohol Withdrawal/Delirium Tremens Head Trauma Chapter 4.19. Emergencies in Sickle Cell Patients Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Acute Chest Syndrome Sepsis Aplastic Crisis Chapter 4.20. Sore Throat/Dysphagia Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Ludwig Angina Epiglottitis Peritonsillar Abscess Chapter 4.21. Syncope and Palpitations Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Reflex-Mediated Syncope Orthostatic Hypotension Syncope Neurologic Syncope Cardiovascular Syncope Chapter 4.22. Trauma Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Head Trauma Abdominal Trauma Thoracic Trauma Neck Trauma Spinal Trauma Musculoskeletal Trauma: Facial Trauma Musculoskeletal Trauma: Pelvic Trauma Musculoskeletal Trauma: Extremity Trauma Musculoskeletal Trauma: Compartment Syndrome Musculoskeletal Trauma: Closed Fist Injury Chapter 4.23. Weakness Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Acute Renal Failure Rhabdomyolysis Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Chapter 4.24. Poisonings and Overdoses Initial Assessment/Intervention Initial History and Physical Examination Acetaminophen Salicylates Beta-Blocker/Calcium Channel Blocker Cardiac Glycoside (Digoxin) Theophylline Valproic Aid (Depacon, Depakene, Depakote) Tricyclic Antidepressants Antipsychotics Lithium Iron Lead Methemoglobinemia Carbon Monoxide Cyanide Hydrocarbon and Petroleum Distillates Organophosphates/Nerve Agents Ethylene Glycol Methanol Opioids Anticholinergic Cocaine and Amphetamines (Methylphenidate, Metamphetamine) Serotonin Syndrome Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Chapter 5.1. Abdominal Pain/Vomiting Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Pyloric Stenosis Intussusception Midgut Volvulus Testicular Torsion Appendicitis Chapter 5.2. Pediatric Difficulty Breathing Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Congenital Cardiac abnormalities: Tetralogy of Fallot Asthma Bronchiolitis Pediatric Foreign bodies Croup ALTE (“Near SIDS”) Chapter 5.3. Pediatric Fever Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Fever of Unknown Etiology: 0-1-Month Age Group 1-3-month Age Group 3-36-month Age Group Fever Associated with Rash Meningococcemia Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) Kawasaki Syndrome (KS) Fever Without Rash Cellulitis Osteomyelitis Chapter 5.4. Pediatric Joint Pain Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Mechanical Causes of Joint Pain or Limping Systemic/Inflammatory Causes of Joint Pain or Limping Common Fractures and Dislocations in Children Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease Toxic/Transient Synovitis Septic Arthritis Chapter 5.5. Pediatric Seizure Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Generalized Seizure Disorder Status Epilepticus Febrile Seizures Meningitis Metabolic Abnormalities Head Trauma Chapter 5.6. Pediatric Trauma Initial Assessment Immediate Actions Differential Diagnoses and Considerations: The Secondary Survey Head Trauma Neck Trauma Chest Trauma Abdominal Trauma Genitourinary Trauma Child Abuse Near Drowning Chapter 5.7. Pediatric Sore Throat Initial Assessment Initial History and Physical Examination Differential Diagnosis Acute Bacterial Pharyngitis Acute Viral Pharyngitis Epiglottitis Mononucleosis Retropharyngeal Abscess Diphtheria Cases 1. 55 y/o Male With Chest Pain 2. 44 y/o Female With Headache 3. 20 y/o Male Pedestrian Struck by a Car 4. A 24 y/o Female With Vaginal Bleeding 5. 55 y/o Male With Mental Status Changes 6. A 50 y/o Female With Syncope 7. 35 y/o Male With Head Injury 8. 70 y/o Female With Abdominal Pain (AAA) 9. 1 mo/o Male With Fever of Unknown Origin 10. 6 y/o Female With Abdominal Pain 11. 90 y/o Male With Headache 12. 50 y/o Female Dialysis Patient With Fever 13. 44 y/o Male With Hypotension 14. 16 y/o Female With Mental Status Change 15. 40 y/o Male With Chest Pain 16. 28 y/o Female With HIV, Back Pain, and Fever 17. 85 y/o Male With Abdominal Pain 18. 45 y/o Female With Shortness of Breath 19. 2 y/o Fussy Male With Abdominal Pain 20. 24 y/o Female Who Has a Fall 21. 55 y/o Male With Sore Throat 22. 33 y/o Female With Headache and Weakness 23. 1½ y/o Male With SOB 24. 35 y/o Female Pedestrian Struck by an Auto 25. 24 y/o Male With GSW to Chest and Neck 26. 5 y/o Female With Abdominal Pain 27. 7 y/o Male With Asthma 28. A 22 y/o Female With Abdominal Pain 29. A 68 y/o Male With Shortness of Breath 30. 28 y/o Female in an MVA 31. 2 y/o Female with Seizure 32. 8 mo/o Female With SIDS/Pediatric ACLS 33. 38 y/o Male With Thermal Burns 34. 44 y/o Female With Fever and Bizarre Behavior 35. 88 y/o Male With Fever and Change in Mental Status 36. 80 y/o Female With Weakness 37. 38 y/o Male With Sore Throat and Fever 38. 55 y/o Female With Hematemesis 39. 28 y/o Male With Sickle Cell Disease and Chest Pain 40. 68 y/o Female With Palpitations 41. 58 y/o Male With Shortness of Breath 42. 37 y/o Female With Depression and Suicide Attempt 43. 44 y/o Male With Weakness 44. 78 y/o Female With Paralysis 45. A 2 y/o Male Near Drowning 46. Situation Encounter: A 14 y/o Male With a Limp, a 45 y/o Male With Shoulder Pain, and a Woman With Abdominal Pain 47. Situation Encounter: A 24 y/o Male With a Hand Laceration, a 62 y/o Female With SOB, and a 2 y/o Male With SOB 48. Situation Encounter: A 74 y/o Female With Mental Status Changes, a 45 y/o Male With a Headache and Syncope, and an 8 y/o Male With SOB 49. Situation Encounter: A 10 y/o Male Struck by a Car, a 22 y/o Male With Hemophilia and a Hand Laceration, and a 36 y/o Female With Acute Abdominal Pain 50. Situation Encounter: A 2 y/o Febrile Child, a 85 y/o Male With Eye Pain, and a 48 y/o Male With CP Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z