Industrial Power Systems: Evolutionary Aspects

Description

Industrial Power Systems: Evolutionary Aspects provides evolutionary and integrated aspects of industrial power systems including review of development of modern power systems from DC to microgrid. Generation options of thermal and hydro power including nuclear and power from renewables are discussed along with concepts for single-line diagram, overhead transmission lines, concepts of corona, sag, overhead insulators and over voltage protective devices. Subsequent chapters cover analysis of power systems and power system protection with basic concept of power system planning and economic operations. Features: Covers the fundamentals of power systems, including its design, analysis, market structure and economic operations Discusses performance of transmission lines with associated parameters, determination of performance and load flow analysis Reviews residual generation/load imbalance as handled by the automatic generation control (AGC) Includes different advanced technologies including HTLS overhead conductor, XLPE cable, vacuum/SF6 circuit breaker, solid state relays, among others Explores practical aspects required for field level work such as installation of cable network for power distribution purposes, types of earthing and tariff mechanism This book will be of interest to graduate students, researchers and professionals in power engineering, load flow and power systems protection. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Authors Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Evolution of Electrical Power System 1.2 Thermal Power Plant 1.3 Hydropower Plant 1.4 Nuclear Power Plant 1.5 Gas Turbine 1.6 Wind Energy 1.7 Solar Energy 1.8 Distributed Power Generation 1.9 Energy Storage 1.10 Tariff 1.11 Learning Outcome Chapter 2 Transmission and Distribution Systems 2.1 Line Diagram 2.1.1 Single-Line Diagram 2.1.2 Impedance Diagram 2.1.3 Reactance Diagram 2.2 Per Unit Representation 2.3 Calculation of Fault Level 2.4 Choice of Voltage 2.5 Choice of Frequency 2.6 Choice of Conductor 2.7 Transmission and Distribution Topologies 2.8 Electrical Grid 2.9 Learning Outcome Chapter 3 Overhead Transmission Line Constants 3.1 Line Resistance 3.2 Line Inductance 3.2.1 Internal Inductance 3.2.2 External Inductance 3.2.3 Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire Line 3.2.4 Inductance of One Conductor in a Group 3.2.5 Inductance of a Composite Conductor 3.2.6 Inductance of a Three-Phase Line with Asymmetrical Spacing . 3.2.7 Inductance of a Three-Phase Transposed Line 3.2.8 Inductance of Bundled Conductors 3.2.9 Inductance of Double Circuit Three-Phase Line 3.3 Shunt Parameter of Transmission Lines 3.3.1 Capacitance of a Straight Conductor 3.3.2 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Line with Asymmetrical Spacing 3.3.3 Capacitance of a Three-Phase Double Circuit Line with Asymmetrical Spacing 3.3.4 Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line Taking Earth into Consideration 3.3.5 Effect of Earth on the Calculation of Capacitance 3.3.6 Skin Effect and Proximity Effect 3.4 Learning Outcome Chapter 4 Corona and Sag 4.1 Corona 4.2 Sag 4.2.1 Sag When the Supports Are at Equal Levels and Span Is Small 4.2.2 Sag When the Supports Are at Unequal Levels and Span Is Small 4.2.3 Sag When the Supports Are at Unequal Levels and Span Is Large 4.2.4 Effect of Ice Coating 4.2.5 Effect of Wind 4.2.6 Effect of Sag in Transmission Line 4.2.7 Stringing Chart 4.2.8 Sag Template 4.2.9 Vibrations of Conductor 4.3 Learning Outcome Chapter 5 Cable 5.1 Insulation Resistance of Cable 5.2 Capacitance of a Single-Core Cable 5.3 Dielectric Stress of a Single Core Cable 5.4 Most Economical Conductor Size in a Cable 5.5 Grading of Cables 5.6 Power Factor of a Single-Core Cable 5.7 Capacitance of a Three Core Cable 5.8 Learning Outcome Chapter 6 Characteristics and Performance of Transmission Line 6.1 Transmission Lines 6.2 General Relations for the Analysis of a Transmission Line 6.2.1 Short Transmission Line Approximation 6.2.2 Medium Transmission Line Approximation 6.2.3 Long Transmission Line 6.3 Power Flow through a Transmission Line 6.4 Travelling Wave Equation of a Transmission Line 6.5 Characterization of a Long Lossless Line 6.6 Voltage and Current Characteristics of an Single Machine Infinite Bus System 6.7 Kelvin’s Law 6.8 Learning Outcome Chapter 7 Insulators for Overhead Lines 7.1 Basics of Insulators for Overhead Lines 7.2 Materials of Insulator 7.3 Types of Insulators 7.4 Voltage Distribution on Insulator String 7.5 String Efficiency 7.5.1 Methods of Improving String Efficiency 7.6 Learning Outcome Chapter 8 Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements 8.1 Types of System Transients and Some Basic Features 8.2 Transients on a Transmission Line 8.3 Switching Surge 8.4 Lightning Surge 8.5 Lightning Arresters 8.6 Insulation Coordination in Power System 8.7 Bewley Lattice Diagram 8.8 Learning Outcome Chapter 9 Electrical Fault Analysis 9.1 Fault 9.2 Symmetrical Components 9.3 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Power System 9.3.1 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Synchronous Machine 9.3.2 Sequence Impedance and Sequence Networks of Transformer 9.3.3 Sequence Circuits for Symmetrical Transmission Line 9.4 Unsymmetrical Faults 9.4.1 Line to Ground Fault 9.4.2 Line to Line Fault 9.4.3 Double Line to Ground Fault 9.5 Earthing 9.5.1 Types of Earthing 9.6 Reactors 9.7 Learning Outcome Chapter 10 Load Flow Analysis 10.1 Load Flow 10.2 Classification of Buses 10.3 Bus Admittance Matrix 10.4 Real and Reactive Power Injected in a Bus 10.5 Load Flow by Gauss-Seidel Method 10.6 Load Flow by Newton-Raphson Method 10.7 Fast Decoupled Load Flow 10.8 DC Load Flow 10.9 Learning Outcome Chapter 11 Stability Analysis 11.1 Requirement of Power System Stability 11.2 Swing Equation 11.3 Steady State Stability or Small Signal Stability 11.4 Transient Stability or Large Signal Stability 11.5 Equal Area Criterion 11.6 Multimachine Stability 11.7 Learning Outcome Chapter 12 Fuses and Circuit Breakers 12.1 Fuses 12.1.1 Types of Fuses 12.2 Switchgear 12.2.1 Circuit Breaker 12.2.2 Different Types of Circuit Breaker 12.2.3 Rating of Circuit Breaker 12.2.4 Formation of Arc 12.2.5 Arc Interruption or Arc Quenching or Arc Extinction in Circuit Breaker 12.2.6 Air Blast Circuit Breaker 12.2.7 Oil Circuit Breaker 12.2.8 Vacuum Circuit Breaker 12.2.9 SF6 Circuit Breaker 12.3 Learning Outcome Chapter 13 Power System Protection 13.1 Protection 13.2 Relay 13.2.1 Types of Electromagnetic Relay 13.2.2 Static Relay 13.2.3 Digital Relay 13.3 Distance Relay 13.4 Differential Relay 13.5 Over Current Protection 13.6 Pilot Protection 13.7 Transformer Protection 13.8 Feeder Protection 13.9 Alternator Protection 13.10 Motor Protection 13.11 Power Swing Blocking 13.12 Auto-Reclosing 13.13 Learning Outcome Chapter 14 DC Transmission 14.1 Evolution of DC Transmission System 14.2 Principle of HVDC Transmission System 14.3 Components of HVDC Transmission System 14.4 Types of HVDC Transmission System 14.5 Learning Outcome Chapter 15 Electrical Power Distribution Substation 15.1 Requirement of Distribution Substation 15.2 Types of Substations 15.3 Substation Components 15.4 Substation Earthing 15.5 Types of Bus Systems of Substation 15.6 DC Distributors 15.7 Learning Outcome Chapter 16 Power System Structure 16.1 Objective of Power System Structuring 16.2 Concept of Regulation and Deregulation 16.3 Power Systems in Restructured Environment 16.4 PoolCo Model 16.4.1 Electricity Market 16.5 Concept of Distributed and Dispersed Generation 16.6 Environmental Aspect of Electric Generation 16.7 Learning Outcome Chapter 17 Economic Operation of Energy Generating Systems 17.1 Introduction to Economic Operation of Energy Generations Systems 17.2 Economic Operation of Thermal System, Its Basic Operation and Structuring 17.3 Unit Commitment 17.4 Reserves in Power Generation 17.5 Contingency Analysis 17.6 Learning Outcome Chapter 18 Automatic Generation and Control 18.1 Introduction to Automatic Generation Control 18.2 Load Frequency Control (Single Area Case) 18.3 Load Frequency Control of Two Area Systems 18.4 Learning Outcome Chapter 19 Compensation in Power System 19.1 Concept of Reactive Power 19.2 Effects of Reactive Power Flow through Transmission Line 19.2.1 Importance of Reactive Power 19.3 Compensation 19.4 Power Factor 19.5 Learning Outcome Questions & Answers References Index