Optics and Artificial Vision

Description

This book provides a concise introduction to computer vision for optical researchers and scientists. Building from the optical foundations of image processing and the science behind camera sensors, Optics and Artificial Vision equips the reader with the tools needed to understand and engage with digital image processing, the algorithms of optical flow and the algorithms of object detection, using Python® software to show real, implemented applications in industry. Ideal for industry engineers with projects related to computer vision, as well as a good reference text for academics, students and other researchers working at the intersection of artificial intelligence and optics. Key Features Provides a concise introduction to artificial visionMain algorithms in computer vision are presented, step-by-step in a pedagogical wayPresents all algorithms in PythonShows real implemented applications in industryOptical foundations of image processing are presented PRELIMS.pdf Preface Acknowledgements Acknowledgements of Rafael G González-Acuña Acknowledgements of Héctor A Chaparro-Romo Acknowledgements of Israel Melendez-Montoya Author biographies Rafael G González-Acuña Héctor A Chaparro-Romo Israel Melendez-Montoya CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Optics, sensors and images 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Optics and images 1.3 Vision 1.4 Optical instruments and optical design 1.5 Cameras 1.6 CCD sensor 1.7 CMOS sensor 1.8 Python as a program language for this book 1.9 Artificial vision and computer vision 1.10 End notes References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 Introduction to computer vision 2.1 Loading and saving images 2.2 Image basics 2.3 Colour spaces 2.4 Basic image processing 2.4.1 Translation 2.4.2 Rotation 2.5 Resizing images 2.5.1 Flipping 2.5.2 Cropping 2.5.3 Image arithmetic 2.5.4 Masking 2.6 Kernels and morphological operations 2.6.1 Erosion and dilatation 2.7 Blurring 2.8 Thresholding 2.9 Gradients and edge detection 2.9.1 Gradients 2.9.2 Edges 2.10 Histograms 2.11 End notes References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 Optical flow 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Lucas–Kanade algorithm 3.2.1 Assumptions 3.2.2 The theory behind the Lucas–Kanade algorithm 3.2.3 The Lucas–Kanade algorithm step by step 3.2.4 Failures of the Lucas–Kanade algorithm 3.3 Application of the Lucas–Kanade algorithm and its Python code 3.4 The optical flow model 3.5 The Horn–Schunck algorithm 3.5.1 The smoothness principle 3.5.2 The mathematical model 3.6 End notes References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 Object detection algorithms 4.1 Object detection 4.1.1 Statistical interpretation of correlation 4.1.2 Fourier interpretation of correlation 4.2 Sliding windows and image pyramids 4.3 The histogram of oriented gradients descriptor 4.4 Support vector machine 4.4.1 The concepts behind the SVM 4.5 End notes References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 Image descriptors 5.1 Introduction to image descriptors 5.2 Basic statistics 5.3 Hu moments 5.4 Zernike moments 5.5 Haralick features 5.6 Local binary patterns 5.7 Keypoint detectors 5.7.1 FAST 5.7.2 The Harris method 5.7.3 GFTT 5.7.4 DoG 5.7.5 Fast Hessian 5.7.6 STAR 5.7.7 MSER 5.7.8 BRISK 5.7.9 ORB 5.8 Local invariant descriptors 5.8.1 SIFT 5.8.2 SURF 5.9 Binary descriptors 5.9.1 BRIEF 5.9.2 ORB binary descriptor 5.9.3 The BRISK binary descriptor 5.9.4 FREAK 5.10 End notes References CH006.pdf Chapter 6 Neural networks 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Neural networks in a nutshell 6.3 Single perceptron learning 6.3.1 Continuous activation function perceptron 6.3.2 Single perceptron implementation 6.4 Multilayer perceptrons 6.4.1 Backpropagation 6.4.2 Maximum likelihood—binary cross-entropy 6.4.3 Maximum likelihood—multiple category cross-entropy 6.5 Convolutional neural networks 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Convolution and cross-correlation 6.5.3 Why CNNs instead of MLPs? 6.6 Metrics 6.7 CNN architectures 6.8 Transfer learning 6.9 End notes References CH007.pdf Chapter 7 Optical character recognition 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Problems in classical OCR 7.3 The basic scheme of a classical OCR algorithm 7.3.1 Binarization 7.3.2 Fragmentation or segmentation of the image 7.3.3 Component thinning 7.3.4 Comparison with patterns 7.4 Classical OCR using machine learning 7.5 Modern OCR with deep learning 7.5.1 Handwritten text recognition 7.5.2 Indexing with databases 7.6 OCR with Tesseract 7.7 End notes References CH008.pdf Chapter 8 Facial recognition 8.1 Introduction to facial recognition 8.2 Local binary patterns for facial recognition 8.3 The eigenfaces algorithm 8.4 Example using the CALTECH faces dataset 8.4.1 Create a personal dataset 8.5 A LBP face recognizer for your own face 8.6 Deep learning facial recognition 8.6.1 Face extraction 8.7 End notes References CH009.pdf Chapter 9 Artificial vision case studies 9.1 Measuring the camera–object distance 9.1.1 Camera distortion calibration 9.1.2 Using camera sensor size or a previous distance 9.2 Single image depth estimation 9.2.1 Consistent video depth estimation 9.2.2 Adabins 9.3 State-of-the-art real-time facial detection 9.3.1 Introduction 9.4 Fruit classification 9.5 End notes References