Baxter’s The Foot And Ankle In Sport

Description

For specialists and non-specialists alike, returning an athlete to pre-injury performance safely and quickly is uniquely challenging. To help you address these complex issues in everyday practice, Baxter’s The Foot and Ankle in Sport, 3rd Edition, provides focused, authoritative information on the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of sports-related foot and ankle injuries – ideal for returning both professional and recreational athletes to full use and function. Title Page......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 CONTRIBUTORS......Page 5 PREFACE......Page 10 2. Pulses and Edema......Page 11 3. Musculoskeletal Exam......Page 12 4. Further Investigation When Indicated by Patient History and Physical Exam......Page 13 Anteromedial Impingement......Page 17 Anterolateral Ankle Impingement......Page 19 Lateral Ankle Impingement......Page 20 Posterior Ankle Impingement......Page 21 Posterolateral Ankle Impingement......Page 22 Posteromedial Ankle Impingement......Page 24 Posterior Ankle and Hindfoot Arthroscopy38,40,41......Page 25 Sinus Tarsi Impingement......Page 28 REFERENCES......Page 29 ETIOLOGY OF STRESS FRACTURES......Page 32 RISK FACTORS FOR STRESS FRACTURES......Page 33 TREATMENT......Page 35 COMMON STRESS FRACTURES......Page 36 REFERENCES......Page 38 DEFINITION OF BSI......Page 40 CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS OF BONE STRESS INJURIES......Page 41 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 43 GENETIC PREDISPOSITION......Page 47 HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAM......Page 49 BONE DENSITOMETRY......Page 52 BONE QUALITY......Page 55 Trabecular Bone Score (TBS)......Page 56 Osteoprobe......Page 58 LABORATORY WORKUP AND BTOM IN STRESS FRACTURES......Page 59 Vitamin D......Page 65 Teriparatide (Forteo) rh PTH (1-34)......Page 67 Case 1......Page 71 DXA......Page 72 Laboratory Results......Page 73 Abaloparatide (Tymlos) PTHrP (1-34)......Page 74 Bisphosphonates......Page 76 Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome......Page 77 Bone Growth Stimulators......Page 79 Stem Cells......Page 80 DIET AND NUTRITION......Page 82 RETURN TO PLAY (SEE ONLINE CHAPTER TO VIEW THIS ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS)......Page 84 PREVENTION......Page 88 Lessons Learned After 20 Years of Treating Stress Fractures, Delayed Unions, and Nonunions......Page 91 REFERENCES......Page 92 Anatomy and Presentation......Page 105 Imaging......Page 106 Case Example......Page 107 Anatomy and Presentation......Page 108 Treatment......Page 109 Anatomy and Presentation......Page 110 STRESS FRACTURE OF THE FIFTH METATARSAL......Page 111 Treatment......Page 112 REFERENCES......Page 113 RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION......Page 115 TREATMENT......Page 116 Medial Fractures......Page 117 Posterior Malleolus Fracture......Page 118 Lateral Fractures......Page 120 Bimalleolar/Trimalleolar Fractures......Page 122 Arthroscopic Evaluation of Acute Ankle Fractures......Page 125 Ankle Rehabilitation......Page 126 LATERAL PROCESS TALAR FRACTURES......Page 129 ANTERIOR PROCESS CALCANEAL FRACTURE......Page 130 REFERENCES......Page 132 CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 135 TARSOMETATARSAL DISLOCATIONS......Page 136 FRACTURES OF THE FIFTH METATARSAL......Page 143 REFERENCES......Page 151 Methods of Repair......Page 155 Skin Incision and Approach to the Tendon......Page 156 Tendon Graft......Page 157 Outcomes of Treatment......Page 158 Introduction and Tenosynovitis......Page 159 Tears of the Peroneus Longus......Page 162 Tears of the Brevis Tendon......Page 163 Tears of Both Tendons......Page 166 The Anatomy of the Tissue (Peroneals, Retinaculum, and Posterior Fibula)41......Page 167 History and Exam......Page 168 Indirect Groove-Deepening Approaches......Page 169 Rehabilitation Principles and Approaches......Page 170 REFERENCES......Page 171 INTRODUCTION......Page 175 Noninsertional Tendinopathy......Page 176 Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy......Page 177 Retrocalcaneal Bursitis......Page 178 Extracorpeal Shock Wave Therapy......Page 179 Surgical Treatment......Page 181 Noninsertional Tendinopathy......Page 182 Insertional Tendinopathy......Page 188 Haglund’s Deformity......Page 189 Postoperative Management......Page 190 Introduction......Page 194 Nonsurgical Treatment......Page 198 Standard Technique......Page 199 Mini-Open Technique......Page 201 Expected Results of Acute Surgical Repair......Page 203 CHRONIC ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE......Page 204 Primary Repair......Page 205 V-Y Advancement......Page 209 Tendon Transfer......Page 210 CONCLUSION......Page 212 REFERENCES......Page 213 ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS......Page 219 DIAGNOSIS......Page 220 Physical Examination and Questions to Be Answered......Page 221 Ankle and Foot Radiographs......Page 222 Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 224 DISEASE STAGING......Page 225 Stage I—Tendon Length Normal......Page 226 Stage II—Tendon Elongated, Deformity Mild and Flexible......Page 227 Stage III—Tendon Elongated, Flexible or Rigid Moderate to Severe Deformity......Page 234 REFERENCES......Page 235 INTRODUCTION......Page 237 AUTHOR’S APPROACH TARSAL TUNNEL SYNDROME......Page 239 MEDIAL PLANTAR NERVE ENTRAPMENT “JOGGER’S FOOT”......Page 240 REFERENCES......Page 241 Still’s Disease (Adult Onset)......Page 243 Enteropathic Arthritis......Page 244 Pseudogout/Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate Crystal Deposition (CPPD)......Page 245 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 246 Metabolic Bone Disease......Page 247 Arterial Disease......Page 248 Lymphatic Disease......Page 249 CONCLUSION......Page 250 Blisters......Page 252 Nodules......Page 253 Onychocryptosis (Ingrown Toenail)......Page 254 Fungal Infections of the Nail......Page 255 Cellulitis......Page 256 REFERENCES......Page 257 Role for Immobilization......Page 259 Loading Tolerance......Page 261 Authors’ Preferred Treatment Approach for an Acute Ankle Injury......Page 262 CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY......Page 263 Prevention......Page 264 REFERENCES......Page 265 Assessment......Page 268 Operative Treatment......Page 269 Assessment......Page 270 Operative Treatment......Page 272 Acute Medial Ankle Sprain......Page 274 Assessment......Page 275 Operative Treatment......Page 277 Operative Treatment......Page 278 Nonoperative Treatment......Page 279 Operative Treatment......Page 280 Operative Treatment......Page 281 REHABILITATION......Page 282 REFERENCES......Page 283 Clinical Anatomy......Page 288 Mechanism of Injury......Page 293 Rehabilitation and Return to Sports......Page 294 Imaging......Page 295 Treatment......Page 296 Mechanism of Injury......Page 297 Imaging......Page 298 Mechanism of Injury......Page 299 Treatment......Page 300 Classification......Page 301 Rehabilitation and Return to Sports......Page 303 HISTORY AND INCIDENCE......Page 304 MECHANISM......Page 305 Examination......Page 306 Classification......Page 307 Chronic Injury Treatment......Page 309 Acute......Page 310 OSTEOCHONDRAL LESIONS OF THE TALUS ALTERNATIVE TREATMENTS......Page 311 Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation (OAT)......Page 313 Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation......Page 315 Particulated Juvenile Cartilage......Page 316 Micronized Cartilage......Page 317 The MIAMI Cell......Page 318 Technique......Page 319 Bone Marrow–Derived Cell Transplantation......Page 320 REFERENCES......Page 321 ANATOMY......Page 325 Radiographic Evaluation......Page 326 Physical Examination......Page 328 Radiographic Evaluation......Page 329 Physical Examination......Page 330 TARSAL COALITION......Page 331 Radiographic Evaluation......Page 332 Surgical Treatment......Page 333 TALOCALCANEAL COALITIONS......Page 334 Technique of Resection of Talocalcaneal Coalition......Page 335 REFERENCES......Page 336 INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS......Page 339 Arthroscopic equipment......Page 340 Anteromedial Portal......Page 341 Posteromedial Portal......Page 342 The Anterior Ankle......Page 343 The Posterior Ankle......Page 344 Surgical Technique......Page 346 Osteochondral Lesions (see also Chapter 16)......Page 347 Surgical Technique......Page 348 Surgical Technique......Page 349 Os Trigonum Syndrome......Page 350 Posttraumatic Calcifications, Loose Bodies, and Bony Avulsions......Page 351 FHL Tendon Pathology......Page 352 Surgical Technique......Page 354 Surgical Technique......Page 355 Surgical Technique......Page 356 Subtalar Joint Arthroscopy and Intraosseous Talar Cysts......Page 357 Surgical Technique......Page 358 REHABILITATION......Page 359 REFERENCES......Page 360 Anatomy......Page 362 Treatment......Page 363 After Care......Page 364 Treatment......Page 365 Results......Page 366 Trauma......Page 367 Operative Technique......Page 368 Biomechanics......Page 369 Operative Technique......Page 370 Evidence-Based Recommendations......Page 371 Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendonoscopy......Page 372 Extensor Tendonoscopy......Page 373 Operative Technique......Page 374 Operative Technique......Page 375 Operative Technique......Page 376 REFERENCES......Page 377 20 - Lesser Toe Disorders......Page 381 BUNIONETTES......Page 382 Conservative Treatment......Page 383 Surgical Treatment......Page 384 INTRACTABLE PLANTAR KERATOSES......Page 385 Surgical Treatment; Partial Condylectomy8......Page 386 Surgical Treatment: Metatarsal Osteotomy......Page 387 INTERDIGITAL NEUROMAS......Page 389 HARD CORNS AND SOFT CORNS......Page 390 Surgical Treatment for Hard Corns21......Page 391 Surgical Treatment for Soft Corns......Page 392 Surgical Treatment: Hammertoe Repair23......Page 393 CLAW TOE......Page 394 Surgical Treatment: Metatarsophalangeal Soft-Tissue Arthroplasty24,25......Page 395 METATARSAOPHALANGEAL (MTP) JOINT INSTABILITY......Page 396 Surgical Treatment: Metatarsophalangeal Instability......Page 397 Surgical Treatment: Weil Osteotomy......Page 398 Surgical Treatment: Plantar Plate Repair......Page 399 REFERENCES......Page 401 ANATOMY......Page 403 Hallux Rigidus......Page 404 Sesamoid disorders......Page 408 Turf-toe......Page 411 Dislocations of the Hallux MTP Joint......Page 419 REFERENCES......Page 421 THE WORKUP......Page 424 PLAN TREATMENT......Page 425 PATIENT......Page 426 HALLUS RIGIDUS......Page 427 OUTCOME......Page 428 MEDIAL TIBIAL STRESS SYNDROME......Page 429 Conservative......Page 430 STRESS FRACTURES......Page 431 Diagnostic Studies......Page 432 Conservative......Page 433 CHRONIC EXERTIONAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME......Page 434 History......Page 435 Diagnostic Studies......Page 436 NERVE ENTRAPMENT......Page 437 History......Page 438 Operative......Page 439 History......Page 440 Treatment......Page 442 SUMMARY......Page 443 REFERENCES......Page 444 INTRODUCTION......Page 448 Bunions (see Chapter 22)......Page 449 Sesamoiditis......Page 450 Plantar Plate Tear and Metatarsophalangeal Instability......Page 452 Proximal Fifth Metatarsal Spiral Fracture......Page 453 Medial Ankle Sprains......Page 456 Lateral Ankle Sprain......Page 457 POSTERIOR ANKLE (SEE CHAPTER 2)......Page 458 Posterior Impingement Syndrome......Page 459 Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendinopathy......Page 460 Tendinosis of the Achilles Tendon......Page 461 Shin Splints (Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome)......Page 462 SUMMARY......Page 463 REFERENCES......Page 464 25 - An International Perspective on the Foot and Ankle in Sports......Page 467 The Subtle Lisfranc Ligament Lesion......Page 468 Beach Toe Lesions......Page 469 Posterior Ankle Impingement......Page 470 Loose Bodies of the Ankle Joint......Page 471 Fifth Metatarsal Stress Fracture......Page 472 Equipment and Technical Considerations......Page 473 Snowboarder᾽s Fracture......Page 474 Chilblains......Page 475 CHINESE TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS OF FOOT AND ANKLE PROBLEMS AND TRADITIONAL TREATMENTS......Page 476 Ankle Sprains and Ankle Impingement......Page 478 Surgical Technique......Page 480 Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus......Page 481 Other Injuries......Page 482 Cricket......Page 485 Kho Kho......Page 486 Mountain Tracking and Rock Climbing......Page 487 FOOT AND ANKLE INJURIES CAUSED BY TRADITIONAL JAPANESE MARTIAL ARTS......Page 488 Judo......Page 489 Sumo......Page 490 Kendo......Page 491 Mechanism of Injury (Box 25.1)......Page 492 Protective Gear......Page 493 Case report......Page 494 Case report......Page 495 Muay Thai......Page 496 Sepak Takraw......Page 497 FOOT AND ANKLE INJURIES IN UNITED ARAB EMIRATES SPORTS......Page 499 PLANTAR PLATE RUPTURE AND DRUM-BEAT DANCE IN VENEZUELA......Page 501 Plantar Plate Rupture and Venezuelan Drum-Beat Dance......Page 502 Acute Plantar Plate Rupture......Page 503 Instability and Chronic Plantar Plate Rupture......Page 504 REFERENCES (BRAZIL)......Page 506 INTRODUCTION......Page 510 FRACTURES......Page 511 OSTEOCHONDRAL LESIONS OF THE TALUS......Page 512 BRACING OPTIONS......Page 513 REFERENCES......Page 514 Calcaneonavicular Coalitions......Page 516 Pes Planus......Page 517 Accessory Navicular......Page 518 Sever’s Disease......Page 519 Freiberg’s Disease......Page 520 Distal Tibial Fractures......Page 521 Distal Fibular Fractures......Page 523 Metatarsal and Jones Fractures......Page 524 CONCLUSION......Page 525 REFERENCES......Page 526 Gymnastics......Page 529 Cheerleading......Page 530 Ballet (also see Chapter 24)......Page 531 GENDER-SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 532 REFERENCES......Page 533 INTRODUCTION......Page 535 Platelet-Rich Plasma......Page 536 ADIPOSE STEM CELLS......Page 537 PLACENTAL/AMNIOTIC PRODUCTS......Page 538 Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Phosphate......Page 539 Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation......Page 540 Tendinopathy/Soft Tissue......Page 541 Chondral/Subchondral Application......Page 543 Interpreting the MRI and Bone Marrow Lesions......Page 544 Managing the Chronic (Nonhealing) Bone Marrow Lesion of the Foot and Ankle......Page 545 Technique......Page 546 REFERENCES......Page 548 PROTECTION, REST, ICE, COMPRESSION, AND ELEVATION......Page 553 RANGE OF MOTION/MOBILIZATION......Page 554 PROTECTED WEIGHT BEARING......Page 555 STRENGTHENING......Page 556 FUNCTIONAL PROGRESSION......Page 557 Phase III......Page 558 REHABILITATION OF ACHILLES TENDON REPAIR (SEE CHAPTER 9)......Page 559 REHABILITATION AFTER LATERAL ANKLE RECONSTRUCTION (SEE ALSO CHAPTER 15)......Page 560 REHABILITATION OF HIGH ANKLE SPRAINS (SYNDESMOSIS INJURIES) (SEE ALSO CHAPTER 15)......Page 561 REHABILITATION OF ANKLE FRACTURES (SEE ALSO CHAPTER 14)......Page 562 REFERENCES......Page 563 CRYOTHERAPY/REST, ICE, COMPRESSION, AND ELEVATION......Page 566 RANGE OF MOTION/MOBILIZATION......Page 567 PROTECTED WEIGHT BEARING......Page 568 PROPRIOCEPTION......Page 569 ADDITIONAL TREATMENT CONSIDERATIONS......Page 570 FUNCTIONAL PROGRESSION......Page 573 PHASES OF REHABILITATION......Page 574 An Updated Rehabilitation of Achilles Tendon Repair......Page 575 Rehabilitation After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Lisfranc......Page 578 Fifth Metatarsal Open Reduction and Internal Fixation Rehabilitation......Page 580 Phase III (3–6 weeks)......Page 582 Phase II (2–3 months)......Page 583 Phase III (3+ months)......Page 584 REFERENCES......Page 585 BILL POLIAN (FORMER NFL GENERAL MANAGER AND EXECUTIVE)......Page 587 MARK BARTELSTEIN (PROFESSIONAL AGENT)......Page 589 GORDON HAYWARD (PROFESSIONAL ATHLETE)......Page 590 BOB ANDERSON, MD (ORTHOPEDIC FOOT AND ANKLE CONSULTANT TO NFL AND NBA)......Page 591 LUAN, PARENT OF ELITE ATHLETES SAMANTHA AND JESSICA PESZEK......Page 592 A......Page 594 B......Page 597 C......Page 598 D......Page 599 F......Page 600 I......Page 602 L......Page 603 M......Page 604 O......Page 605 P......Page 606 S......Page 609 T......Page 611 W......Page 612 Y......Page 613