Nanobiotechnology for Safe Bioactive Nanobiomaterials

Description

This book begins with an introduction of nanobiotechnology, followed by biosyntheses of AgNPs, development of silver/chitosan (Ag/CS) polymer nanocomposites, synthesis of silver/chitosan-g-poly acrylamide (Ag/CS-g-PAAm) nanocomposite hydrogel and silver/chitosan/poly vinyl chloride (Ag/CS/PVC) blend. Finally, it presents novel bioengineering of polyfunctional metallic nanostructures other than Ag, emphasizing biomass utilization and value-added conversion over an extended span, including life cycle assessment of the synthesized nanostructures. Features Includes prospective cost effective, eco-friendly, and safe nanomaterials, synthesized through facile paths Covers the synergistic effect of phytochemicals and nano-Ag antimicrobial agents from an antiviral perspective Includes surface coating systems and super absorbent materials for biomedical purposes Examines nanobiotechnological applications for generating nanoalloys with synchronized nanostructural arrangement of alkaline earth metals and nanoscale dots of transition metals Explores the life cycle assessment of synthesized nanomaterials This book aims at researchers and graduate students in biomaterials, chemical engineering, green chemistry, nanomaterials, and biotechnology. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors List of Abbreviations Chapter 1: Nanobiotechnology toward the Next Generation Antimicrobial Materials 1.1. Nanotechnology: Innovation of the Next Big Tiny Thing 1.1.1. Portraying Nanotechnology 1.1.2. Characteristics of Nanomaterials 1.1.3. Breakthroughs and Opportunities 1.1.4. Applications and Challenges 1.1.5. Bioresource-Enabled Nanomaterial Synthesis: Future 1.1.5.1. Applications of Nanomedicine 1.1.5.2. Present and Future Scenario of Nanomedicine 1.2. Outlining Nanomaterials 1.2.1. Nanomaterials 1.2.2. Classification of Nanomaterials 1.2.3. Nanobiomaterial Syntheses 1.2.4. Nanoparticles 1.2.5. Nanocomposites: Polymer Nanocomposites as the Advanced Composites 1.2.5.1. Properties of Polymer Nanocomposite 1.2.5.2. Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposites 1.2.6. Techniques of Characterization 1.2.7. Trending Potentials of Polymer Nanocomposites 1.3. Polymer Nanocomposites as the Next Generation Biomaterials 1.3.1. Major Issues 1.3.2. Infection Control 1.3.3. Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Infections 1.3.4. Strategies to Minimize Infections 1.3.4.1. Coatings with Nanostructured ZnO, TiO2 and Ag 1.3.5. Antimicrobial Silver/Polymer Nanocomposites 1.4. Silver 1.4.1. Elemental Silver: Characteristics and Sources 1.4.2. Silver: Chemistry and Varied Applications 1.4.3. Therapeutic History Down the Ages 1.4.4. Innovation of Silver Nanoparticles 1.4.5. Perspective of Silver Nanoparticles 1.4.6. Protocols of Synthesis 1.4.7. Renewable Bioresource for Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis – A Green Approach 1.5. Waste to Value Conversion En Route Nanobiotechnology 1.6. Nanobiomaterials and Risk Assessment: Aspects of Toxicity and Biocompatibility References Chapter 2: Enumerate Investigations 2.1. Biomass for Nanoparticles: A Review 2.2. Metal/Polymer Nanocomposites: An Insight 2.3. Overview of Silver/Polymer Nanocomposites 2.3.1. Silver/Chitosan Nanocomposite 2.4. Research in Demand and Biomedical Applications 2.5. Concerned Objectives References Chapter 3: Phytochemicals-Aided Conversion to Silver Nanoparticles: Nanobiotechnology 3.1. Introduction 3.1.1. Ethnobotany 3.1.2. Phytochemistry of the Aqueous Extracts 3.1.3. Mechanism of Phytomass-Mediated Conversion 32. Experimental Section 3.2.1. Materials 3.2.2. Diverse Plant Extract Preparation: from Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb., Terminalia arjuna Roxb., Pseudotsuga menziesii, Prosopis spicigera, Ficus religiosa, Ocimum sanctum and Curcuma longa 3.2.3. Phytomass Conversion of Silver to Silver Nanoparticles 3.2.4. UV-Visible Absorbance Spectroscopy 3.2.5. TEM Observations and Nanoparticle Size Analysis 3.2.6. Chemical Composition Identification 3.2.7. Antimicrobial Assay 3.2.8. In vitro Cytotoxicity Testing 3.3. Results and Discussion 3.3.1. Effect of Variation in Phytochemicals on Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis Observed via Varying Color Development 3.3.2. Comparative Analysis of the Nanoparticles through UV-Visible Spectra 3.3.3. TEM Observations and Qualitative Assessment of the Silver Nanoparticles 3.3.4. Nanoparticle Size Determination 3.3.5. Chemical Composition Identification 3.3.6. Antimicrobial Assay 3.3.7. Cytotoxicity Test 3.4. Conclusion References Chapter 4: Biocompatible Bioactive Silver/Chitosan (Ag/CS) Nanocomposite Surface Coating System: Nanobiotechnological Synthesis 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Experimental Section 4.2.1. Materials 4.2.2. Synthesis – Phytomass Synthesis of Ag/CS Nanocomposite 4.2.3. Coating and Development of Thin Film 4.2.4. FTIR Spectroscopy 4.2.4.1. FTIR Study of the Silver Nanoparticles 4.2.4.2. FTIR Study of the Ag/CS Bionanocomposite Film 4.2.5. Morphological Study and Characterization of the Ag/CS Nanocomposite 4.2.6. Swelling Parameters 4.2.7. Quantitative Evaluation of Ag+ Release 4.2.8. Mechanical Testing 4.2.9. Scratch Test 4.2.10. Antimicrobial Assay 4.2.11. Efficacy of the Ag/CS Coating on Stainless Steel Surface against Biofilm Formation 4.2.11.1. Development of Biofilm 4.2.11.2. Preparation of Samples for Study through SEM Observations 4.2.12. In vitro Blood Compatibility Test 4.2.13. Cytotoxicity Testing 4.3. Results and Discussion 4.3.1. FTIR Elucidation 4.3.1.1. FTIR Study of the Silver Nanoparticles 4.3.1.2. FTIR Study of the Ag/CS Bionanocomposite 4.3.2. SEM Investigation of the Ag/CS Nanocomposite for Morphological Properties 4.3.3. Characterization of the Nanocomposite through DSC, TG/DTA and XRD 4.3.4. Swelling Parameters 4.3.5. Quantitative Estimation of Ag+ Release 4.3.6. Mechanical Properties 4.3.7. Assessment of the Ag/CS Nanocomposite Coated Surface through Scratch Test 4.3.8. Antimicrobial Assay 4.3.9. Efficacy of the Ag/CS Nanocomposite Coating over Stainless Steel against Biofilm Formation 4.3.10. In vitro Blood Compatibility Assay 4.3.11. In vitro Cytotoxicity Test 4.4.Principle of Application 4.5. Conclusion References Chapter 5: Bioactive Silver/Chitosan-g-Polyacrylamide (Ag/CS-g-PAAm) Nanocomposite Hydrogel as Super Absorbent Polymeric (SAP) Material: Phytomass Intervened Value Conversion 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Experimental Section 5.2.1. Materials 5.2.2. Synthesis – Synthesis of Ag/CS-g-PAAm Nanocomposite Hydrogel Super Absorbent Polymeric (SAP) Material 5.2.3. FTIR Spectroscopy 5.2.3.1. FTIR Study of the Silver Nanoparticles 5.2.3.2. FTIR Study of the Ag/CS-g-PAAm Nanocomposite 5.2.4. Characterization of Ag/CS-g-PAAm Nanocomposite 5.2.5. Mechanical Testing 5.2.6. Swelling Parameters 5.2.7. Quantitative Evaluation of Ag+ Release 5.2.8. Antimicrobial Assay 5.2.9. In vitro Blood Compatibility Test 5.3. Results and Discussion 5.3.1. FTIR Elucidation 5.3.1.1. FTIR Study of the Silver Nanoparticles 5.3.1.2. FTIR Study of the Ag/CS-g-PAAm Nanocomposite 5.3.2. Characteristic Study of the Ag/CS-g-PAAm Nanocomposite Hydrogel Super Absorbent Polymeric (SAP) Material 5.3.3. Mechanical Property 5.3.4. Swelling Behavior 5.3.5. Quantitative Evaluation of Ag+ Release 5.3.6. Antimicrobial Assay 5.3.7. In vitro Blood Compatibility 5.4. Principle of Application 5.5. Conclusion References Chapter 6: Bioactive Silver/Chitosan/Polyvinyl Chloride (Ag/CS/PVC) Nanocomposite Blend: Phytomass Enabled 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Experimental 6.2.1. Materials 6.2.2. Synthesis – Synthesis of Ag/CS/PVC Nanocomposite Blend 6.2.3. FTIR Spectroscopy 6.2.3.1. FTIR Study of the Silver Nanoparticles 6.2.3.2. FTIR Study of the Ag/CS/PVC Nanocomposite 6.2.4. Characterization of Ag/CS/PVC Nanocomposite 6.2.5. Swelling Parameters 6.2.6. Quantitative Evaluation of Ag+ Release 6.2.7. Mechanical Testing 6.2.8. Antimicrobial Assay 6.2.9. In vitro Blood Compatibility Test 6.3. Results and Discussion 6.3.1. FTIR Elucidation 6.3.1.1. FTIR Study of the Silver Nanoparticles 6.3.1.2. FTIR Study of the Ag/CS/PVC Nanocomposite 6.3.2. Characteristic Study of the Ag/CS/PVC Nanocomposite 6.3.3. Swelling Behavior 6.3.4. Quantitative Evaluation of Ag+ Release 6.3.5. Mechanical Properties 6.3.6. Antimicrobial Assay 6.3.7. In vitro Blood Compatibility 6.4. Principle of Application 6.5. Conclusion References Chapter 7: Prospects of Safe Functional Nanomaterials in the Era of Virus Dominion 7.1. Overview 7.1.1. Synthesis – Phytomass Conversion and Value-Added Fabrication of Functional Nanomaterials 7.1.1.1. Materials 7.1.1.2. Synthesis of Ag/CS Bionanocomposite Coating Material 7.1.1.3. Coating of Object Surfaces 7.1.1.4. UV-Visible Spectrometric Study 7.1.1.5. HR TEM and SAED Observations with EDX Analysis 7.1.1.6. Elucidation of Physico-Chemical Properties through FTIR, SEM and XRD 7.1.1.7. Antimicrobial Assay 7.1.1.8. Cytotoxicity Test and Biocompatibility Assessment 7.1.2. Characterization 7.1.2.1. UV-Visible Spectral Analysis 7.1.2.2. Qualitative Assessment by HR TEM, SAED and EDX 7.1.2.3. Study of Physico-Chemical Parameters through FTIR, SEM and XRD 7.1.2.4. Antimicrobial/Biological Activity 7.1.2.5. Biocompatibility Assessment 7.1.3. Antiviral Hypothesis 7.2. Principle of Application 7.3. Future Scope – Focusing Antiviral Perspective during the Virus Dominion References Chapter 8: Nanobiotechnological Biomass Conversion into Other Metallic Nanostructures 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Experimental Section 8.2.1. Materials 8.2.1.1. Materials for Nanobiotechnological Conversion of Biomass into MgO/CaO Nanostructured Alloy as a Nanomaterial 8.2.1.2. Materials for Pd Nanostructured Material Fabrication 8.2.2. Synthesis 8.2.2.1. Protocol for Nanobiotechnological Conversion of Biomass into MgO/CaO Nanostructured Alloy as a Nanomaterial 8.2.2.2. Protocol for Pd Nanostructured Material Fabrication 8.2.3. Characterization 8.2.3.1. Characterization of the MgO/CaO Nanostructured Alloy as a Nanomaterial 8.2.3.2. Characterization of the Pd Nanostructured Material and Activity Assessment as Catalyst Nanomaterial 8.3. Results and Discussion 8.4. Conclusion References Chapter 9: Environmental Fate of Safe Green Bioactive Nanobiomaterials: Life Cycle Assessment 9.1. Conclusion 9.1.1. Nanobiotechnological Route and Environmental Fate 9.1.2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Safe Green Bioactive Nanobiomaterials References Index