The Cambridge Handbook of Sociopragmatics

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Frontmatter Contents Figures Tables Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction 1.1 The Genesis of the Present Handbook 1.2 The Scope of Sociopragmatics 1.3 Overview 1.4 Closing Thoughts References I. Fundamentals of Sociopragmatics Sociopragmatics (Roots and Definition) - Culpeper 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Positioning Sociopragmatics in Pragmatics 2.3 Sociopragmatics: Foundations 2.3.1 Austin: A Precursor? 2.3.2 Sociopragmatics and Pragmalinguistics 2.3.3 Sociopragmatics and Context 2.4 Conclusion References Inference and Implicature - Terkourafi 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Key Concepts and Theories: Definitional Issues 3.2.1 Inference in a Broad and in a Narrow Sense 3.2.2 Inference versus Implicature 3.2.3 Inference and Implicature as Process and Product 3.3 Matters of Process 3.4 Critical Overview and Future Directions References Speaker Meaning, Commitment and Accountability - Elder 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Key Issues and Theories 4.2.1 Grice’s ‘Speaker Meaning’ 4.2.2 Communication As Inferential 4.2.3 Commitment-Based Communication 4.2.4 Interactional Achievement and Accountability 4.3 Combining Eclectic Perspectives on Speaker Meaning, Commitment and Accountability 4.4 Case Studies 4.4.1 Case Study I: Ascribing Speaker Meanings to Hinting Utterances 4.4.2 Case Study II: Manipulating Implicatures in Political Discourse 4.5 Conclusion References Social Actions - Deppermann 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Approaches to the Study of Social Action 5.3 Social Action Formats 5.4 The Relevance of Contextual Orders to Action-Formation and Action-Ascription 5.4.1 Sequentiality in Action-Formation and Action-Ascription 5.4.2 Activity Types, Deontics, Epistemics and Common Ground as Contexts for Actions 5.5 Action-Ascription, Responses and Intentions 5.6 Conclusion References Stance and Evaluation - Siromaa & Rauniomaa 6.1 Introduction 6.2 A Dialogic and Reflexive Take on Stance in Interaction 6.3 From Attitudes to Evaluative Practices 6.4 Stance and Evaluation Research within Sociolinguistics 6.5 Stance and Evaluation in Storytelling: The Case of the Sagging Face 6.6 Conclusion References Reflexivity and Meta-awareness - Verschueren 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metalinguistic Activity Types 7.2.1 Talk about Linguistic Forms and Utterances 7.2.2 Talk about Language(s) 7.2.3 Quoted and Reported Speech 7.2.4 Self-Reflexive Speech 7.3 Indicators of Reflexive Awareness 7.3.1 Indexical Forms or ‘Shifters’ 7.3.2 Contextual Adjustment and Contextualization (Cues) 7.4 The Interactional Role of Metapragmatic Awareness 7.5 The Significance of Cross-Linguistic Variability 7.6 Methodological Challenges References Participation and Footing - Holt & O'Driscoll 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Key Concepts and Issues: A Scalar Approach 8.2.1 Utterance 8.2.1.1 Producing Utterances 8.2.1.2 Receiving Utterances 8.2.2 Talk 8.2.2.1 Producing Talk 8.2.2.2 Receiving Talk 8.2.2.3 Producing and Receiving Together 8.2.3 Events 8.2.3.1 Social Roles 8.2.3.2 Peripheral Participation 8.2.4 Interaction – with a Fuzzy Focus 8.3 Technology-Mediated Communication 8.4 Conclusion: Future Directions References Conventionalization and Conventions - Kádár & House 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Pragmatic Complexity of Conventions 9.3 Facets of Language Use with Complex Implications forConvention and Practice 9.3.1 Conventions, Practices and Time 9.3.2 Conventions, Practices and Pragmatic Units 9.3.3 Conventions, Practices and Intercultural Pragmatics 9.3.4 Conventions and Language Acquisition and Socialization 9.3.5 Conventions and Rituals 9.4 Further Directions References Synchronic and Diachronic Pragmatic Variability - Barron 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Key Theoretical Approaches 10.2.1 Intralingual Synchronic Pragmatic Variation 10.2.2 Intralingual Diachronic Pragmatic Variation 10.3 Critical Overview of Research through Case Study 10.3.1 Pragmatic Variable – What Is Equivalence? 10.3.2 Methodologies: Data Type 10.3.3 Interaction of Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives 10.4 Summary and Future Directions References Activity Types and Genres - Archer, Jagodziński & Jagodziński 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Key Concepts and Theories 11.2.1 The Concept of Activity Type, Its Origins and Its Use in Pragmatics 11.2.2 The Concept of Genre, Its Origins and Its Use in Pragmatics 11.2.3 Activity Type and Genre: Similarities and Differences with Each Other 11.2.4 Activity Type and Genre: Similarities and Differences with Other Concepts 11.3 Critical Overview through Two Case Studies 11.3.1 Culpeper and McIntyre (2010) 11.3.2 Tardy and Swales (2014) 11.4 Summary and Future Directions References Social Groups and Relational Networks - Boxer & Cortés-Conde 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Key Concepts and Theories 12.2.1 Social Groupings and Identity 12.2.2 Sociopragmatics, Linguistic Ethnography and Interactional Sociolinguistics 12.2.3 From the Speech Community, to the Social Network, to Communities of Practice 12.2.4 Politeness and Relational Networks 12.3 Overview of Research: Case Studies 12.3.1 Social Groups and Relational Networks in Online Communities 12.4 Summary and Future Directions References II. Topics and Settings in Sociopragmatics Face, Facework and Face-Threatening Acts - Sifianou & Tzanne 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Key Concepts and Theories 13.2.1 The Concept of ‘Face’ 13.2.2 The Concept of ‘Face-Threatening Act’ (FTA) 13.2.3 The Concept of ‘Facework’ 13.3 Developments in the Conceptualization of ‘Face’ 13.3.1 Finer Distinctions and Alternatives 13.3.2 Return to the Goffmanian Concept of Face 13.3.3 Distinction between Face1 and Face2 13.3.4 Disentangling Face from Politeness 13.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions References Relationships and Relating - Arundale 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Conceptual Frameworks in Research on Relationships and Relating 14.3 Comparing Models and Theories of the Sociopragmatics of Relationships and Relating 14.4 Conceptualizations of Relationships and Relating in Inquiry and in Practice References Analysing Identity - Blitvich & Georgakopoulou 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Identities-in-Interaction 15.3 Identity in Sociopragmatics 15.4 Identity and Face in Im/politeness Research 15.5 Summary and Avenues for Further Research 15.5.1 Identities in Pragmalinguistic Approaches 15.5.2 Other Directions for Research References (Im)politeness and Sociopragmatics - Culpeper & Haugh 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Fundamental Connections between (Im)politeness and Sociopragmatics 16.3 A Brief History of (Im)politeness Theories 16.4 Foundational Sociopragmatic Concepts in (Im)politeness Research 16.4.1 Context 16.4.2 Strategies 16.4.3 Indirectness 16.4.4 Norms 16.5 Case Study: User and Observer Perspectives in (Im)politeness Research 16.6 Future Directions References Affect and Emotion - Alba-Juez 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Key Concepts and Main Approaches to Affect and Emotion 17.3 A Sociopragmatic Approach to Emotion 17.3.1 Stancetaking and Emotion 17.3.2 Emotion and (Im)politeness 17.3.3 Humour, Irony and Emotion 17.4 A Sociopragmatic Case Study of Oral Narrative: Oprah Winfrey’s Happiest Christmas 17.4.1 Narrative and Emotion 17.4.2 A Case Study 17.5 Summary and Future Directions Transcription Conventions References Power - Leezenberg 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Concepts of Power in Linguistic and Social Theory 18.3 Positioning Power: The Linguistic and the Social 18.4 Power, Authority and Speech Acts 18.4.1 A Case Study: Power and Pornography 18.5 Politeness, Impoliteness and Power 18.6 Conclusion References Morality in Sociopragmatics - Blitvich & Kádár 19.1 Introduction 19.2 An Overview of the Moral Order and Morality 19.2.1 The Moral Order 19.2.2 Morality 19.2.3 Morality and the Moral Order 19.3 The Interface of Im/morality and Im/politeness 19.4 Case Study 19.5 Discussion and Future Directions References Conversational Humour - Dynel & Sinkeviciute 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Key Concepts and Theories 20.2.1 Categories of Conversational Humour 20.2.2 Concepts and Approaches 20.3 Sources of Data 20.4 Sociopragmatic Variables 20.5 Functions of Humour 20.6 Case Study: Teasing among Speakers of Australian English and Its Local Functions 20.7 Summary and Future Directions References Gesture and Prosody in Multimodal Communication - Brown & Prieto 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Key Concepts and Theories 21.2.1 Gesture 21.2.2 Prosody 21.2.3 Other Multimodal Resources 21.3 Critical Overview of Research 21.3.1 Information Status 21.3.2 Phrase Structure, Discourse Structure and Turn-Taking 21.3.3 Epistemic Stance 21.3.4 (Im)politeness 21.3.5 Irony 21.3.6 Speaker Identity 21.3.7 Overview 21.4 Summary and Future Directions References Digitally Mediated Communication - Xie & Yus 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Sociopragmatics, Ethnography and Data Gathering on the Internet 22.3 Digital Communication and Research Interests for Sociopragmatics 22.3.1 Discourse Used in Digital Communication 22.3.2 Digitally Mediated Interactions 22.3.3 The Social Side of Internet Communication 22.4 Future Directions References Workplace and Institutional Discourse - Marra & Dawson 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Key Theoretical Issues 23.2.1 Institutional Talk versus Workplace Discourse 23.2.2 Cross-Cultural Analysis of Speech Acts 23.2.3 (Im)politeness in the Workplace 23.2.4 Community of Practice 23.3 Critical Overview of Research through Case Studies 23.3.1 Case Studies of Disagreement 23.3.2 Social Impact of Workplace Research 23.4 Summary and Future Directions References Service Encounter Discourse - Félix-Brasdefer & Reiter 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Key Elements of Service Encounters 24.2.1 Towards a Multidisciplinary Understanding of Service Encounters 24.2.2 On the Dichotomy between Interpersonal and Transactional Talk 24.3 Contexts of Service Encounters 24.3.1 Small Shops 24.3.2 Cafés and Bars 24.3.3 Call Centres: Service Encounters over the Telephone 24.4 Globalization and Sociopragmatic Variation 24.5 Computer-Mediated Discourse: Online Service Encounters in a Global World 24.6 Methodological Considerations 24.7 Conclusion References Argumentative, Political and Legal Discourse - Fetzer & Witczak-Plisiecka 25.1 Introduction 25.2 The Pragmatics of Argumentative Discourse 25.3 Political Discourse as Communicative Action 25.4 Legal Discourse 25.5 Conclusion Data Sources References The Pragmatics of Translation - House 26.1 Introduction: How Context Is Viewed in Different Disciplines 26.2 Overview of Linguistic Approaches to Translation 26.2.1 Early Linguistic, Textual and Communicative Approaches 26.2.2 Discourse, Pragmatic and Functional Approaches to Translation 26.3 Defining Translation as Re-contextualization 26.4 Functional Equivalence in Re-contextualization 26.4.1 Overt and Covert Translation 26.5 The “Cultural Filter” and Contrastive Pragmatics 26.6 Translation as Re-contextualization and English as a Lingua Franca 26.7 Conclusion References III. Approaches and Methods in Sociopragmatics Interpersonal Pragmatics - Locher & Graham 27.1 Introduction 27.2 History and Key Concepts in Interpersonal Pragmatics 27.3 Interpersonal Pragmatics in Health Contexts 27.3.1 The Hospitalk Project 27.3.2 An Interactional Sociolinguistic Approach 27.3.3 A Critical Discourse Approach 27.3.4 A Multimodal Approach 27.3.5 An Ethnographic Approach 27.4 Challenges and Opportunities References Sociocognitive Pragmatics - Kecskes 28.1 Introduction 28.2 The Idealized View of Communication in Pragmatics 28.3 Communication in the Sociocognitive Approach 28.4 Intention and Salience 28.4.1 Types of Intention 28.4.2 Linguistic Salience: Inter-label Hierarchy and Intralabel Hierarchy 28.4.3 Shaping Speaker’s Utterance 28.5 Contextual Effects on Meaning 28.6 Common Ground 28.6.1 What Is Common Ground in SCA? 28.6.2 Nature and Dynamism of Common Ground 28.7 Summary and Future Research References Conversation Analysis and Sociopragmatics - Clift & Haugh 29.1 Introduction 29.2 The Fundamentals of CA Method: Transcription and Collections 29.2.1 Transcription 29.2.2 Collections 29.2.3 External versus Internal Evidence in Collections 29.3 CA-Grounded Sociopragmatics 29.3.1 Case Study 1: Social Action and Indirectness 29.3.2 Case Study 2: Inference and Identity 29.4 Conclusion Appendix: Key CA Transcription Conventions References Corpus Pragmatics - Adolphs & Chen 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Corpus Methods and Pragmatic Analysis 30.3 Research in Corpus Pragmatics 30.4 Issues in Corpus Pragmatics 30.5 Multimodal Corpus Pragmatics: A Case Study of (Do) You Know/See What I Mean 30.5.1 Coding the Data 30.5.1.1 Coding Speech Function Based on Co-text 30.5.1.2 Demarcating Gesture Phases 30.5.1.3 Interrater Reliability Test 30.5.2 Data Analysis: Identifying Gesture Patterns in Each Speech Function 30.5.3 The Functional Speech–Gesture Profile for ‘(Do) You Know/See What I Mean’ 30.6 Conclusion References Variational Pragmatics - Schneider 31.1 Introduction 31.2 The Original Framework 31.2.1 The Variational Component: Macro-social Factors 31.2.2 The Pragmatic Component: Levels of Analysis 31.3 Modifying the Framework 31.3.1 Modifying the Variational Component 31.3.2 Modifying the Pragmatic Component 31.4 Theoretical Issues 31.5 Methodological Issues 31.5.1 Three Methodological Principles 31.5.2 Data Types and Data Collection 31.6 Research in Variational Pragmatics 31.7 Conclusions References Historical Sociopragmatics - Leitner & Jucker 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Key Concepts in Historical Sociopragmatics 32.3 The Discursive Turn in Historical Sociopragmatics 32.3.1 Theoretical Background 32.3.2 Case Study 32.4 Recent Trends 32.5 Conclusion Sources References Emancipatory Pragmatics - Saft, Ide & Ueno 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Examples of EP Research Findings 33.2.1 Politeness 33.2.2 Turn-Taking and Overlap 33.3 EP and Theory 33.3.1 Ba Theory 33.3.2 Ba Theory and English 33.4 Future Directions References Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Pragmatics - McConachy & Spencer-Oatey 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Key Concepts 34.2.1 Culture 34.2.2 Context 34.2.3 Etic and Emic Research Perspectives 34.3 Summary of Main Research Findings 34.3.1 Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Main Perspectives and Studies 34.3.2 Intercultural Pragmatics: Main Perspectives and Studies 34.3.2.1 (Socio)cognitive Perspectives 34.3.2.2 Interactional and Interpersonal Perspectives 34.3.2.3 Critical Perspectives 34.4 Challenges and Opportunities 34.4.1 Challenges 34.4.2 Promising Areas 34.5 Conclusion References Second Language Pragmatics - Ifantidou 35.1 Introduction 35.2 (Socio)pragmatic Competence 35.3 From Sociopragmatics of Use to Sociopragmatics of Development 35.4 Pragmatic Inference within Second Language Pragmatics (SLP) 35.5 Case Study: Metaphor Comprehension in Second Language Pragmatics 35.6 Implications for Future Research References Index