History of psychology. A cultural perspective.

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Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Page Contents Foreword to the Classic Edition Foreword List of Photographs and Illustrations Preface 1 Origins of Psychological Thought: Why Do Other People Have Such Bizarre Beliefs and Behave So Strangely? The Questions of Psychology Universal Psychological Characteristics Perceptual and Cognitive Influences Biases in Processing Information Important Distinctions Across Time and Culture The Place of Humans and Other Animals in the Universe Relationships Between the Self and Others Desire for Power or Degree of Control That an Individual Can Have Ways of Coming to Believe Trust Reason Experience Folk Psychology Conclusions About the Answers A Science of Psychology The Greek Psyche Modern Definitions 2 From Greek Philosophy to the Middle Ages: What and How Do We Believe? What We Believe and How We Come to Believe The Significance of Greek Culture Greek Antiquity The Classical Greek World Transitions in Ontology Transitions in Epistemology Reasons for the Transitions Choosing an Epistemology Belief Systems in Classical Greece The True Reality of Numbers Natural Philosophy The Greek Physis Platonic Philosophy The Aristotelian Milieu Aristotle's Psychology End of an Era Transition of Power to Rome Philosophies of Personal Happiness Stoicism Epicureanism Mystery Religions After Rome The Early Middle Ages in Europe Neo-Platonism Augustinian Doctrines of Christianity Implications of Religious Thought for Psychology A Period of Intellectual Stagnation 3 From an Age of Spirits to Humanism: How Many Angels Can Dance on the Head of a Pin? Philosophy in the Middle East Byzantine Influences Islamic Religion and Philosophy Natural Philosophy in Islamic Thought The High Middle Ages in Europe The Search for Stability The Power of the Roman Church Scholasticism The Problem of Knowledge Summary of Scholastic Thought The Consequences of Scholasticism The Black Death A Psychology of Disaster Challenging the Church Humanism: A New Focus Disease and Famine Secular Powers Grow Stronger A New Way of Knowing Inherited Assumptions Epistemology for a New Age From Certainty to Doubt in the West The Certainty of Trust The Costs of Trust Cracks in the Foundation of Faith Individualism Humanism The Centrality of Human Perspective Skepticism Returns A Skeptical Perspective The Discomfort of Doubt Empirical Discovery: Two Steps Forward Human Potential Medicine Human Nature Evidence And One Step Back: The Church Reacts The Certainty of Mathematics Revealed Truth in Nature Cosmology Psychological and Theological Consequences 4 The Birth of Science: Is There Anything You Cannot Doubt? Revolution Is in the Air Ontological Revolution Epistemological Revolution A New Way of Knowing False Idols of Knowledge Knowledge Is Power Philosophy Must Be Divorced From Religion Begin With Inductive Reason Natural Philosophy Must Be Dynamic, Cooperative, and Cumulative The Physical Universe The Role of Measurement Knowledge and Opinion Signs as Evidence Reasons to Measure Uses of Measurement Rationalism as Another Way of Knowing Antiauthoritarian Skepticism and Naturalism Are Dangerous The Rational Method Introspection Weaknesses in Human Reason The Rational Process Rational Conclusions Trust Sensory Information Innate Ideas Mechanism The Consequences of Rationalism A Case Study: The Enlightened Mind and 300 Years of Witch Persecution Magic, Science, and Religion Irrational Thought Reigns Scientific Evidence Against Witches Paradigm for a New Age The Scientific Paradigm The Principles of Newtonian Science The Goals of Scientific Study The Modern Scientific Paradigm Scientific Assumptions Scientific Questions Scientific Methods 5 Philosophical Answers to Psychological Questions: If a Tree Falls in the Forest and There Is No One Around to Hear It, Does It Make a Sound? Philosophers and Philosophies of the Human The Women The Selfish Motive The Blank Slate Everything Is God Religious Skepticism Nature and Mind Appearance Is Truth Categories of Thought Summary of Philosophical Speculation Romantic Rebellions Literature Romantic Psychologies Scientific Progress Physics and Chemistry Relevance to Psychology Biology's Connections With Psychology Philosophical Psychology Political Science and Economics Human Nature Positivism Natural History and Psychology Early Evolutionary Theory Natural Selection Relevance for Psychology 6 Physiological to Experimental Psychology: Can Consciousness Be Inspected? Physiological Psychology Vitalism and the Study of the Human Neurophysiology The Sensory System Physiological Conclusions Psychophysics Romantic Ideas Art and Literature Romantic Philosophy The Rejection of a Science of Consciousness Spiritualism and the Occult Structure and Function: Measuring Mind The Origin of Human Mind Mental Measurement Statistics and Mental Measurement Exploring the Contents of Consciousness German Experimental Psychology Experimental Psychology Outside of Germany Unconscious Mind 7 A Divided Discipline: What Is the Function of Mind? Divisions Created by Ideas Elementalism Holism Evolutionary Principles Psychology Follows Many Paths The Study of Consciousness Comparative Psychology Physiological Psychology Medical Psychology Madness Early Explanations Enlightened Lunacy Modern Madness The Reformers Science and Insanity Empirical Psychology: A Uniquely North American Blend The Women Functionalism Higher Mental Functions Pragmatic American Functionalism The Methods of Functionalism 8 A Science of Behavior: Is Consciousness a Myth? The Landscape Changes Elementalism and Evolution From Introspection to Experimentation Physiological Bases for Psychology The Physiology of Vision Psychological Characteristics Instincts and Habits The Behaviorists' Manifesto Psychological Testing Immigrant Testing Army Testing During the Great War Army Testing After the War Eugenics School Testing Industrial Applications Behaviorism After the Great War Stimulus–Response Theory Russian Physiological Associationism Personality The Conditioned Reflex Weird Science Physical Science and Science Fiction Psychic Research 9 Paradigms Proliferate: Is There an Unconscious Mind? Gestalt Psychology The Phi Phenomenon Animal Insight An Experimental Test of Gestalt Theory Gestalt Principles of Perception Gestalt Notions of Consciousness Application Versus Pure Science Industrial Psychology Psychologists' Advice for Increasing the Supply Increasing the Demand: Advertising Clinical Applications Mental Hygiene Psychoanalysis Secessions From Freud Relations Between Psychoanalysis and Psychology Psychoanalytic Influences on Clinical Psychology Freud's Cultural Context Child Study and Developmental Psychology Social Psychology/Sociology 10 Age of Theory: Why Are There So Many Different Psychological Theories? Psychology and the Scientific Method Developments in Statistics and Measurement Learning Theories Learning Theorists' Goals Questions About Learning Learning Theorists' Answers Comparative Psychology and Learning Learning Theory and the Psyche Social and Personality Theory Methods in Social Research Social Theorists' Questions Developmental Theory Clinical Psychology Personnel Testing Educational Testing Intelligence Testing Diagnostic Testing Psychotic Mental Illness Neurotic Mental Illness 11 When Motivation Is the Question: Why Do We Do What We Do? Experimental Psychology Learning and Motivation Physiological Learning Mathematical/Mechanistic Learning The Contingencies of Reinforcement Learning and Loss of Motivation Information Processing Comparative Psychology Ethology Animal Psychology Interactions Integration and Synthesis Developmental Psychology Attachment and Loss Social Learning Theory Temperament Social Psychology The Zeitgeist Social Statistics and Research Designs Ethics in Research The Humanistic/Existential Movement Reasons for Humanistic Theory Humanistic Psychology as Personality Theory Humanistic Psychology as Therapy The Fate of the Humanistic Movement Clinical Psychology Defining Personality Causes of Mental Illness Therapy The Effectiveness of Therapy 12 The Mind Returns: What Questions Are Psychologists Exploring Now? From Learning to Cognition Cognitive Science Artificial Intelligence Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience Comparative Psychology Sociobiology Evolutionary Psychology Animal Language Learning Social Psychology Social Cognition Cultural Influences on Social Behavior Developmental Psychology Infant Skills Behavior Genetics The Role of Nurture The Nature of the Interaction Future Directions Statistical and Methodological Changes Clinical Psychology Treatments The Future of Clinical Psychology Positive Psychology Psychology of Women Psychology of Religion Industrial/Organizational Psychology Psychology for Tomorrow Glossary References Name Index Subject Index