Relationship Between Microbes and the Environment for Sustainable Ecosystem Services, Volume 1: Microbial Products for Sustainable Ecosystem Services

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Relationship Between Microbes and Environment for Sustainable Ecosystem Services, Volume One: Microbial Products for Sustainable Ecosystem Services promotes advances in sustainable solutions, value-added products, and fundamental research in microbes and the environment. Topics include advanced and recent discoveries in the use of microbes for sustainable development. Users will find reference information ranging from the description of various microbial applications for sustainability in different aspects of food, energy, the environment and social development. Volume One includes the direct and indirect role of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, viruses, mycoplasma and protozoans in the development of products contributing towards sustainable. The book provides a holistic approach to the most recent advances in the application of various microbes as a biotechnological tool for a vast range of sustainable applications, modern practices, exploring futuristic strategies to harness its full potential. Front Cover Relationship Between Microbes and the Environment for Sustainable Ecosystem Services, Volume 1: Microbial Products for Sust... Copyright Contents Contributors About the editors Preface Chapter 1: Microbial food products: A sustainable solution to alleviate hunger 1. Introduction 2. General aspects of edible microbial biomass safety 2.1. Contextual approaches to nutritional value 2.2. Profit dynamics 2.3. Functional properties: Probiotics-prebiotics-symbiotics 3. Safety of edible microbial biomass 3.1. Microorganisms and their plant-microorganism-soil relationship 3.2. Microbial food safety in relation to plant-microorganism-soil 3.2.1. Bacteria in agriculture 3.2.2. Bacteria and agrochemicals 3.2.3. Mycorrhizae in food safety 4. Microorganisms of potential use as food and possible routes to produce edible microbial biomass 4.1. Microorganisms of potential use as food 4.2. Microalgae 4.3. Bacteria 4.4. Filamentous fungi 4.5. Yeast 5. Production of edible microbial biomass 5.1. Advantages and disadvantages of edible microbial biomass production 5.2. Possible routes of conversion of CO2 into microbial biomass 5.3. Microbial biomass production process 6. Biotechnological tools involved in the generation of microbial food products 6.1. Genetic modification 6.2. RNA interference (RNAi) 6.3. Cas9 CRISPR system References Chapter 2: Role of microorganisms in climate-smart agriculture 1. Introduction 2. Effect of pollution on soil and its quality 2.1. Soil quality and its assessment 3. Soil pollution and its effects on the quality of soil 4. Role of soil microbiome in regulating soil health and plant fertility; A plant-soil-microbial interactions 4.1. Effect of plants on soil microbiome 4.2. Role of soil microbes in soil health, plant productivity and health 4.3. Interactions of plant root and microbes 5. Physiology of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria 5.1. Signal exchange between plant roots and PGPRs 6. Microbial influence on biogeochemical cycles and its applications 6.1. Soil carbon and microbial decomposers 6.2. Nitrogen cycle 7. Role of microbes and enzymes in the restoration and reclamation of soil 7.1. Emerging technologies in understanding plant-microbe responses References Chapter 3: Microorganisms as biocontrol agents for sustainable agriculture 1. Introduction 2. Bacteria and fungi as biocontrol agents 3. Production of desired product 3.1. Isolation of desired microorganism from natural environment 3.2. Evaluation of the biocontrol agent in both conditions (in vitro and glasshouse) 3.3. Testing of isolates in field conditions 3.4. Mass production 3.5. Formulation of desired product 3.6. Registration 4. Mechanisms of biocontrol agents 4.1. Hyperparasitism 4.2. Competition 4.3. Antibiosis 4.4. Secretion of lytic enzymes 4.5. Metabolite production 4.6. Plant growth promotion 4.7. Induced systemic host resistance 4.8. Antibiosis 4.9. Actinomycetes 5. Conclusions References Chapter 4: Relationship between probiotics and living beings for sustainable life on land 1. Introduction 2. Importance of probiotics in animal health 3. Feed antibiotics to probiotics like a viable substitute 4. Risk assessment protocol established due to probiotics 5. Adverse effects because of application for probiotics 6. Principle of selection of probiotics 7. Competitive exclusion 8. Mechanisms of actions of probiotics 9. Nutrients and enzymatic attributed to digestion 10. Certain impact toward water quality 11. Improvement to immune response 12. Antiviral effects 13. Separation of probiotics 14. Method of separation 15. Applications of probiotics in aquaculture References Chapter 5: Microbial adaptation to climate change and its impact on sustainable development 1. Introduction 2. Climatic factors 2.1. Temperature elevation and thermotolerance 2.2. Drought stress 2.3. Increased levels of CO2 in lands 2.4. Ocean acidification 2.5. Water soluble oil fractions 3. Future prospective and applications 3.1. Probiotics 3.2. Metagenomics 3.3. Genetic engineering 3.4. Next-generation sequencing and others 4. Conclusion References Further reading Chapter 6: Earthworm-microorganisms interactions for sustainable soil ecosystem and crop productivity 1. Introduction 2. Earthworms-Nature's ploughman 2.1. Role of earthworms and microflora in sustainable soil ecosystem 2.1.1. Role of drilosphere 2.1.2. Role of rhizosphere 3. Vermicompost as biofertilizer 4. Vermicompost on crop growth and productivity 5. Effect of vermicompost on nutrient uptake 6. Effect of vermicompost on soil physical, chemical and biological properties 7. Vermitechnology for co-treatment of OFMSW and wastewater 8. Conclusions References Chapter 7: Avenues of sustainable pollutant bioremediation using microbial biofilms 1. Introduction 2. Environmental pollution 3. Biofilms (remarkable biological communities) 3.1. Diversity of biofilms 3.2. Developmental stages of biofilm formation 3.3. Composition of biofilm matrix 3.4. Methods used for detection, characterization, and assaying of microbial biofilms 3.4.1. Microbiological and molecular methodologies 3.4.2. Physical methodologies 3.4.3. Chemical methodologies 4. Biofilms and bioremediation 5. Applications of biofilms in bioremediation of different pollutants 6. Conclusions References Chapter 8: Endophytic bacteria in a biocontrol perspective 1. Introduction 2. Biocontrol activity of endophytes 3. Mechanisms of biocontrol 3.1. Production of siderophores 3.2. Antibiosis 3.3. Competition 3.4. Parasitism and lysis 3.5. Detoxification 3.6. Induced resistance 3.6.1. Systemic acquired resistance 3.6.2. Induced systemic resistance 4. Strategies to enhance biocontrol efficiency 4.1. Optimized formulation and inoculation techniques 4.2. Integrated biocontrol strategies 4.3. Management of the indigenous endophytic microflora 5. Genetic engineering 5.1. Antimicrobial peptides 6. Future research prospects References Chapter 9: Microbiome stimulants and their applications in crop plants 1. Introduction 2. Plant microbiome 3. Microbiome: A stimulant in crop plants 4. Microbiome stimulants in major crops 4.1. Tomato 4.2. Rice 4.3. Wheat 4.4. Potato 4.5. Sugarcane 5. Microbiome stimulants and their application process 5.1. Sustainable agriculture 5.2. Plant growth in crops 5.3. Stress management 5.4. Phytoremediation 6. Reduce pathogen infection 7. Conclusion References Chapter 10: Microbes: A sustainable tool for healthy and climate smart agriculture 1. Introduction 2. Important role of microbes in agriculture 2.1. Biological nitrogen fixation 2.2. Phosphate solubilization 2.3. Phytohormones production 2.4. Production of antibiotics 2.5. Siderophore production 2.6. Enzyme production 2.7. Induced systemic resistance 2.8. Management of plant stress 3. Combating climate change by microbes 4. Conclusions References Chapter 11: Microbes as biocontrol agent: From crop protection till food security 1. Introduction 2. Microbes as biocontrol agents 3. Microbial biocontrol for crop protection and food security 3.1. Microbes as biofertilizers 3.1.1. Nitrogen fixing microbes 3.1.2. Phosphorus solubilizing microbes 3.1.3. Plant growth-promoting microbes 3.1.4. Mycorrhiza fungi association 3.2. Microbes as biopesticides 3.2.1. Bacteria as biopesticides 3.2.2. Viruses as biopesticides 3.2.3. Fungi as biopesticides 3.2.4. Nematodes as biopesticides 3.3. Microbes as bioherbicides 3.4. Microbes as biofungicides 4. Microbiol biocontrol for postharvest management 4.1. Postharvest applications 5. Mechanism of microbial control activity 5.1. Antagonism 5.1.1. Antibiotic production 5.2. Competition 5.3. Parasitism 6. Emerging biocontrol strategies 6.1. Exudates from the roots 6.2. Use of substrate and biocidal volatiles 6.3. Use of foliar microbiome and detoxifying enzymes 6.4. Use of iron-chelating compounds 7. Conclusion and future prospects References Chapter 12: Composting process: Fundamental and molecular aspects 1. Introduction 2. Composting: Fundamental aspects 3. Types of the composting process (aerobic and anaerobic) 3.1. Aerobic process of composting 3.2. Anaerobic process of composting 4. Phases of composting 4.1. Mesophilic phase 4.2. Thermophilic phase (35-65C) 4.3. Cooling phase 4.4. Curing phase 5. Determination of compost maturity 6. Taxonomic and metabolic microbial diversity during composting 7. Techniques to analyze microbial diversity in composting 7.1. Culture-dependent phenotypic-based approaches 7.1.1. Plate count 7.1.2. Carbon source utilization profile/community level physiological profile (CLPP)/BIOLOG 7.2. Role of culture-independent techniques 7.2.1. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis 7.3. PCR-based approaches 7.3.1. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) 7.3.2. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) 8. Role of metagenomics in evaluating microbial diversity in compost 9. Conclusion and future outlook References Chapter 13: Lichenized fungi, a primary bioindicator/biomonitor for bio-mitigation of excessive ambient air nitrogen dep 1. Introduction 2. Nitrogen assimilation in lichens 3. Nitrogen tolerance in lichens: Probable mechanisms 3.1. Cation exchange capacity and the saturation kinetics for NH4+ 3.2. Competitive metabolism and community dynamics 3.3. Intrinsic tolerance through inhabitancy preference and adaptation to long-term exposure 3.4. Biochemical and metabolic adaptive tolerant mechanisms 4. Lichens are indicators of excessive nitrogen (N) deposition along with multiple scales of diversity dynamics, biochemi ... 5. Lichens, the critical load assessor of N eutrophication 6. Long-term lichen air N deposition monitoring: Change in pollution regime 7. Stable nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N in) lichens function of nitrogen source and their spatial distribution at the land ... 8. Effect of excessive N deposition on lichen food webs of endangered wildlife 9. Lichen as a sink for nitrogen in the region of excessive deposition References Further reading Chapter 14: Molecular markers and genomics assisted breeding for improving crop plants 1. Introduction 2. Trait choice for MAS 3. Selection of marker type for better results through MAS 4. Types of markers and their utility in plant breeding 5. Types of selection and their procedure 6. Success stories of MAS and perspectives References Chapter 15: Nanoherbicides: A sustainable option for field applications 1. Introduction 2. Weed management 3. Herbicides 3.1. Classification 3.2. Herbicide's mode of action 4. Nanoherbicides 5. Nanotechnology and its implications in weed management 6. Weeds and nanotechnology 7. Nano-herbicides and possible actions 8. Nanomaterial used in the synthesis 8.1. Metal oxide nanoparticles 8.2. Metallic nanoparticles 8.3. Carbon-based nanomaterials 8.4. Nanoparticles used in the delivery 8.4.1. Polymeric nanoparticles 8.4.2. Inorganic nanoparticles 8.4.3. Agriculture waste-based nanoparticles 8.4.4. Green synthesis of nanoparticles 9. Nanoherbicides formulations 9.1. Nanoencapsulations 9.2. Agro waste nanoparticles formulations 9.3. Controlled release formulations 10. Applications of nano-herbicides in farming/agriculture 11. Conclusions and future perspectives References Chapter 16: Intimate coupling of photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB): A viable method for removing pesticides from c ... 1. Introduction 2. Environmental distribution of pesticides 3. Toxicity of pesticides 4. Ecological effect of pesticides 5. Pesticides hazardous effects on human health 6. Coupling of photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB): A new approach 7. Mechanism of ICPB 8. Different types of photocatalyst used in ICPB 9. Different porous carrier materials 10. Microorganisms 11. Reactors 12. Applications of ICPB 13. Conclusion References Index Back Cover