Women’s Activism and “Second Wave” Feminism

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Women’s Activism and “Second Wave” Feminism situates late 20th century feminisms within a global framework of women’s activism. Its chapters, written by leading international scholars, demonstrate how issues of heterogeneity, transnationalism, and intersectionality have transformed understandings of historical feminism. It is no longer possible to imagine that feminism has ever fostered an unproblematic sisterhood among women blind to race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, nationality and citizenship status. The chapters in this collection modify the “wave” metaphor in some cases and in others re-periodize it. By studying individual movements, they collectively address several themes that advance our understandings of the history of feminism, such as the rejection of “hegemonic” feminism by marginalized feminist groups, transnational linkages among women’s organizations, transnational flows of ideas and transnational migration. By analyzing practical activism, the chapters in this volume produce new ways of theorizing feminism and new historical perspectives about the activist locations from which feminist politics emerged. Including histories of feminisms in the United States, Canada, South Africa, India, France, Russia, Japan, Korea, Poland and Chile, Women’s Activism and “Second Wave” Feminism provides a truly global re-appraisal of women’s movements in the late 20th century. Cover Half Title Title Copyright Contents Illustrations Introduction Challenges to the wave metaphor Transnational feminisms and intersectionality Structure of the book Notes Part One Redefining Feminism 1 Hunger Doesn’t Take a Vacation: The Food Activism of United Bronx Parents Introduction Evelina Antonetty and UBP in the South Bronx UBP and the school system Multiracial leadership and UBP’s school lunch campaign, 1969–.70 Free summer meals, 1971 Women’s power, community strength Notes 2 “Sex-Ins, College Style”: Black Feminism and Sexual Politics in the Student YWCA, 1968–80 The World YWCA Transnational origins of YWCA sex education African American Student YWCAs in the 1960s The Black University Movement Interpreting the Sex-In The end of an era Notes 3 Contemporary Feminisms and the Secularism Controversies: A Model of Emancipation On equality of rights and secularism: The secular contract at the heart of feminism Feminisms and postcolonialism: Claiming full citizenship Emancipation strategies and the reconfiguration of contemporary feminist politics From “classical republicanism” to a critique of “cultural conformism” Critical republicanism and “deracializing” feminism Notes 4 SEWA’s Feminism The birth of SEWA Empowering women Consciousness transformed Notes 5 Feminist Dissidents in the “Motherland of Women’s Liberation”: Shattering Soviet Myths and Memory Notes Part Two Reconsidering “Second Wave” Feminist Genealogies 6 On the “F”-Word as Insult and on Feminism as Political Practice: Women’s Mobilization for Rights in Chile Women’s activism in the first decades of the twentieth century Fashioning feminist beliefs and cross-class alliances Memchistas, women, workers, and the political left Testing the “F”-word: On “feminist silence” and new paradigms of women’s rights Contradictions of patriarchal pacts under military dictatorship (1973–89) From women’s resistance to the forging of feminisms Class or gender, políticas or feministas: Rethinking the “F”-word Feminist Encuentros in the Americas From redemocratization in the 1990s to the new millennium Conclusion Epilogue Notes 7 Beyond the “Development” Paradigm: State Socialist Women’s Activism, Transnationalism, and the “Long Sixties” Introduction Fighting for progress and against “reactionary forces” after the Second World War The international “long sixties” and the decline of Polish women’s activism A tale of “Non-Region”: Eastern European women’s activism and the United Nations world conferences on women Conclusion Notes 8 “Making a Point by Choice”: Maternal Imperialism, Second Wave Feminism, and Transnational Epistemologies Introduction Mayo, Mother India, and Indian nationalism Framed in suttee: Requiem for Indian women Notes toward transnational futures Notes 9 Shared History and the Responsibility for Justice: The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Ja Introduction Women’s movements in the 1980s: Sociopolitical context Emergence of the comfort women movement Shared histories The genealogies: Sharing political responsibility The growth of the movement: (Re)structuring of trauma Responsibility for justice Coda Notes Part Three Transnational Feminist Linkages 10 Visions for the Suburban City in the Age of Decolonization: Chicana Activism in the Silicon Valley, 1965–75 Transnational decolonization and local activism Claiming rights to space National power in a colonial city Liberation in education Gender through generations Conclusion Notes 11 Dalit Feminism at Home and in the World: The Conceptual Work of “Difference” and “Similarity” in National and Transnational Establishing the NFDW, and Dalit women Dalit feminism at home: Difference as critique Transnational Dalit feminism: From difference to similarity Imagining new forms of feminist transnationalism Notes 12 One Thousand Wednesdays: Transnational Activism from Seoul to Glendale Introduction The military management of sexuality Post–Second World War military tribunals Private trauma and public discourse The Japanese government’s response Litigation and international political pressure The House of Sharing The Wednesday demonstration The Women’s Tribunal The Peace Monument in Seoul The War and Women’s Human Rights Museum Glendale, California The geopolitics of protest and response Conclusions Notes 13 Contesting the Nation(s): Haitian and Mohawk Women’s Activism in Montreal Resisting dispossession: Kahnawake Mohawk women’s activism Haitian diaspora feminism in Montreal Conclusion Notes 14 If Not Feminism, Then What?: Women’s Work in the African National Congress in Exile Women and exile Exile Women Political upgrading East Africa (Dar es Salaam and Morogoro, Tanzania) Luanda, Angola Maputo, Mozambique Welfare work Conclusions Notes Contributors Index