Waste-to-Resource System Design for Low-Carbon Circular Economy

Description

Waste-to-Resource System Design for Low-Carbon Circular Economy equips the user with the necessary knowledge to carry out the preliminary design and optimization of economically viable and environmentally friendly waste-to-resource systems. This book covers the state-of-the-art development of technologies and processes in terms of six types of bioresources (i.e. energy, biohydrogen, biomethane, bioethanol, biodiesel, and biochar) that are recoverable from waste. The focused technologies and processes, such as anaerobic digestion, fermentation, pyrolysis, gasification, and transesterification are being widely applied―or have the potential to be used―towards sustainable waste management. It also covers the methods needed for the design and optimization of waste-to-resource systems, i.e., multiobjective optimization, cost-benefit analysis, and life cycle assessment, as well as systematic and representative databases on the parameters of the processes, costs, and the advantages and disadvantages of technologies. Finally, the book adopts a problem-based method to facilitate audiences to quickly gain the knowledge and skill of designing and optimizing waste-to-resource systems. Front Cover WASTE-TO-RESOURCE SYSTEM DESIGN FORLOW-CARBON CIRCULAR ECONOMY WASTE-TO-RESOURCE SYSTEM DESIGN FORLOW-CARBON CIRCULAR ECONOMY Copyright Contents 1 - The waste challenge 1. Introduction References 2 - Waste 1. Introduction 2. Agricultural waste 3. Municipal solid waste 4. Properties 5. Waste-to-resource 6. Rural waste management References 3 - Waste-to-energy 1. Introduction 2. Incineration 3. Pyrolysis 4. Gasification 5. Anaerobic digestion References 4 - Waste-to-biohydrogen 1. Introduction 2. Biohydrogen production technologies 2.1 Gasification 2.1.1 Hydrothermal gasification 2.1.2 Steam gasification 2.1.3 Biooil steam reforming 2.2 Fermentation 2.2.1 Dark-fermentation 2.2.2 Photo-fermentation 3. Downstream processes 3.1 Syngas cleanup 3.1.1 Contaminants 3.1.2 Cleanup 3.2 Upgrading 3.3 Separation and purification References 5 - Waste-to-biomethane 1. Introduction 2. Biogas production 2.1 Feedstock 2.2 Temperature 2.3 pH 2.4 Retention time 3. Biogas cleanup and upgrading 3.1 Contamination 3.1.1 H2S 3.1.2 Siloxanes 3.1.3 Halogen 3.2 Upgrading 3.2.1 Pressurized water scrubbing 3.2.2 Chemical absorption 3.2.3 Membrane separation 3.2.4 Pressure swing adsorption 3.2.5 Other upgrading methods References Further reading 6 - Waste-to-bioethanol 1. Introduction 2. Saccharification and fermentation 3. Pretreatment 4. Yeasts 5. Further development References 7 - Waste-to-biodiesel 1. Introduction 2. Biodiesel properties 3. Biodiesel classification 4. Biodiesel impacts on soil and water 5. Biodiesel production 6. Whole process References 8 - Waste-to-biochar 1. Introduction 2. Waste-to-biochar technologies 2.1 Torrefaction 2.2 Pyrolysis 2.3 Gasification 3. Biochar system design References 9 - System design: cost–benefit analysis 1. Introduction 2. Mathematical principles 2.1 Economic indicators 2.2 Cost and benefit components 2.3 Waste collection and transportation 2.4 CAPEX and O&M 2.5 External costs 2.6 Project incomes 3. Economic feasibility of waste-to-resource development 3.1 Waste-to-energy 3.2 Waste-to-biohydrogen 3.3 Waste-to-biomethane 3.4 Waste-to-bioethanol 3.5 Waste-to-biodiesel 3.6 Waste-to-biochar 4. Uncertainties References 10 - System design: life cycle assessment 1. Introduction 2. LCA procedures 2.1 Goal and scope definition 2.2 Life cycle inventory 2.3 Life cycle impact assessment 2.4 Interpretation 2.5 LCA implementation 2.5.1 Process-based LCA versus input–output LCA 2.5.2 Attributional LCA versus consequential LCA 2.5.3 Allocation 2.5.3.1 Avoiding allocation, wherever possible 2.5.3.2 Allocating based on physical relationships 2.5.3.3 Allocating based on other relationships 3. LCA of waste-to-resource developments 3.1 Waste-to-energy 3.2 Waste-to-biohydrogen 3.3 Waste-to-biomethane 3.4 Waste-to-bioethanol 3.5 Waste-to-biodiesel 3.6 Waste-to-biochar 4. Uncertainty analysis References 11 - System optimization 1. Introduction 2. Multiobjective optimization methods 2.1 Framework definition 2.1.1 Data preparation and criteria definition 2.1.2 Sustainability metrics definition 2.2 Superstructure generation 2.3 Optimization problem formulation 2.4 Model definition 2.5 Solution strategy 2.6 Optimal solution identification—the pareto method References 12 - Perspectives of future development References Index Back Cover