Practicing Empathy: Pragmatism and The Value of Relations
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There is widespread disagreement over what constitutes an experience of empathy. In this study of its value and moral features, Mark Fagiano acknowledges the ambiguity surrounding the term and offers a unified theory of empathy that includes rival definitions. His historical account of the multiple meanings of empathy lays the groundwork for a new philosophical theory. Based on relations, it resolves the problem of conflicting definitions of empathy by distinguishing between the three kinds of empathy: the relations of feeling into, feeling with, and feeling for, each of which has been defined historically as a type of empathy. Fagiano’s unique focus on relations, on the modes and manner by which we are connected with things and with people, reveals a transactional account of empathy that can be applied to a variety of different contexts and social circumstances. Grounded in the philosophical tradition of American Pragmatism, Fagiano’s approach demonstrates the practical benefits of adopting a broad and pluralistic understanding of empathy as both an idea and a practice. His pragmatic and contextualist philosophy of empathy provides a valuable starting point for answering some of the most pressing questions surrounding empathy today, including can empathy be developed? Is empathy moral? What is the difference between empathy and sympathy? Cover page Hafltitle page Also available from Bloomsbury Title page Copyright page Dedication Contents Illustrations Acknowledgments Preface 1 Empathy and Pluralism What Is Empathy? The Narrow versus the Broad: Contemporary Conceptions of Empathy Empathy through the Lens of Pluralistic Pragmatism Relational Empathy 2 Pathos and the Death of Dualisms Pathos: Neutral Conceptualizations in Antiquity Pathos, Pathology, and Eupathy Pathé: From Worldly Flesh to Heavenly Love Pathé and Modern Philosophy: From Mechanisms to Moral Psychology Exorcizing the Ghostly Dualisms 3 Empathic Projection Romanticism, Empathic Projection, and the Counter-Enlightenment Empathic Projection and Aesthetics The Skill of Feeling Into 4 Empathic Connection From Einfühlung to Empathy: Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, and Sociology The Dominance of Psychology: Symbolic Interactionalism, Animal Sciences, and Neuroscience The Skill of Feeling With 5 Empathic Care Social Psychology: Empathic Care and Empathic Concern Empathic Care: Neuroscience and Evolutionary Psychology The Skill of Feeling For 6 Is Empathy Moral? James and the Dissolution of Verbal and Metaphysical Disputes Portraits of Morality The Ineffectiveness of Values and Principles The Shortcomings of Principlism For Empathy: Empathy Is Moral Against Empathy: Empathy Is Immoral Relational Empathy and the Moral Sanity of Relativism Relational Empathy: Context, Consequences, and Morality 7 Can Empathy Be Developed? Developing Empathy and Nature vs. Nurture Questions Habits, Relational Empathy, and Directing Transformation The Value of Relations for Thinking about the Development of Empathy Developing Relational Empathy Technology and Empathic Development 8 Empathic Democracy as a Way of Life The Relational Structure of Social Existence and Moral Luck The Many Faces and Criticisms of Democracy Empathic Democracy as a Way of Life Notes Bibliography Index
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