Neurosurgical Review: For Daily Clinical Use and Oral Board Preparation

Description

Robust ABNS exam prep and didactic review of the entire spectrum of neurosurgery from A to Z The American Board of Neurological Surgery oral examination has undergone periodic review and revision over the years, with a new format instituted in spring 2017. This review book is specifically geared to the new format. The ABNS oral examination process is relevant, rigorous, and of value to the neurosurgical specialty and the public, ensuring neurosurgeons meet the highest standards of practice. Neurosurgical Review: For Daily Clinical Use and Oral Board Preparation by Vasilios A. Zerris and distinguished contributors is a multimodal and a visually rich prep tool for the ABNS exam. The resource provides a unique approach to studying and melding online didactic materials with audio-enhanced charts. Readers can use the material as a complete online exam prep course with audio, or use the print version as a quick reference guide. Key Features Charts and schematics provide an excellent learning tool and study prep The high yield and easy to memorize format helps readers "visualize" knowledge Audio files enhance the ability to create a mental framework, thereby increasing comprehension and retention of content Cases presented at the end of each chapter focus primarily on core material tested in the general neurosurgery ABNS exam session taken by all candidates irrespective of their declared subspecialty This is an essential textbook for neurosurgical residents, fellows, and practitioners prepping for the ABNS boards. It also serves as a user-friendly refresher of fundamental knowledge all neurosurgeons need to know. Neurosurgical Review: For Daily Clinical Use and Oral Board Preparation......Page 1 MedOne Information......Page 2 Title Page......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contents......Page 9 Audios......Page 19 Preface......Page 20 Contributors......Page 21 1.2.1 Nerve Pathologies Depending on Number and Location of Nerves Involved (Table 1.2a)......Page 23 1.2.4 Peripheral Neuropathy Versus Radiculopathy (Tab. 1.2d)......Page 24 1.3.3 Mechs of Nerve Injury (Table 1.3c)......Page 25 1.3.4 Grading of Nerve Injuries (Table 1.3d)......Page 26 1.3.7 Timing of Nerve Exploration and Repair Rule of 3s (Table 1.3g)......Page 27 1.3.9 Peripheral Nerve Repair: Surgical Pearls (Table 1.3i)......Page 28 1.4.1 Brachial Plexus Injuries (Table 1.4a)......Page 29 1.4.2 Brachial Plexus Injuries: Trunks (Table 1.4b)......Page 30 1.4.3 Brachial Plexus Injuries: Cords (Table 1.4c)......Page 31 1.4.6 Supraclavicular Approach (Table 1.4f)......Page 32 1.4.7 Infraclavicular Approach (Table 1.4g)......Page 33 1.4.8 Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Table 1.4h)......Page 34 1.4.9 Parsonage–Turner Syndrome (Table 1.4i)......Page 35 1.5.1 Median Nerve ([C5], C6, C7, C8, T1) Sites of Compression (Table 1.5a)......Page 36 1.5.2 Median Nerve Entrapment Sites: Motor and Sensory Deficits (Table 1.5b)......Page 37 1.5.3 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Median Nerve Injury/Compression in Arm (Table 1.5c)......Page 38 1.5.5 Key Surgical Steps for Median Nerve Exposure in Arm (A, B) (Table 1.5e)......Page 40 1.5.6 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Median Nerve Entrapment in FA (Table 1.5f)......Page 41 1.5.7 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Median Nerve / AIN Injury/Compression in FA (Table 1.5g)......Page 42 1.5.9 Key Surgical Steps for Decompression of Median n./AIN at Distal Arm/Elbow/Proximal FA (C, D) (Table 1.5i)......Page 43 1.5.10 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Median Nerve Entrapment in Carpal Tunnel (Table 1.5j)......Page 44 1.5.12 Key Surgical Steps for Median Nerve Decompression at the Carpal Tunnel (E) (Table 1.5l)......Page 45 1.6.1 Ulnar Nerve (C7, C8, T1) (Table 1.6a)......Page 46 1.6.2 Ulnar Nerve Entrapment Sites: Motor and Sensory Deficits (Table 1.6b)......Page 47 1.6.3 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Ulnar Nerve Injury/Compression in Arm (Table 1.6c)......Page 48 1.6.5 Key Surgical Steps for Ulnar Nerve Exposure in Arm (A) (Table 1.6e)......Page 49 1.6.6 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Ulnar Nerve Injury/Compression in Elbow (Table 1.6f)......Page 50 1.6.8 Management for Injury of Ulnar Nerve Injury/Compression in Elbow/FA (B, C, D) (Table 1.6h)......Page 52 1.6.9 Key Surgical Steps for Ulnar Nerve Decompression in Elbow/ FA (B, C, D) (Table 1.6i)......Page 53 1.6.10 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Ulnar Nerve Injury/Compression at Guyon’s Tunnel (Table 1.6j)......Page 54 1.6.12 Key Surgical Steps for Ulnar Nerve Decompression in Guyon’s Tunnel (E) (Table 1.6l)......Page 55 1.7.1 Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, [T1]) (Table 1.7a)......Page 56 1.7.2 Radial nerve entrapment sites: motor and sensory deficits (Table 1.7b)......Page 57 1.7.3 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Radial Nerve Compression/Injury in Arm (Table 1.7c)......Page 58 1.7.4 Management for Radial Nerve Injury in Arm......Page 59 1.7.5 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Radial Nerve Compression/Injury at Antecubital Fossa/FA (Table 1.7f)......Page 61 1.7.7 Management for Entrapment of Radial Nerve/PIN at Elbow/FA (C, D) (Table 1.7h)......Page 63 1.8 Sciatic Nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3) and Tibial Nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3) (Table 1.8a)......Page 64 1.8.1 Common Peroneal Nerve (L4, L5, S1, S2) (Table 1.8b)......Page 65 1.8.2 Sciatic Nerve (Table 1.8c)......Page 66 1.8.3 Sciatic Nerve Entrapment Sites: Motor and Sensory Deficits (Table 1.8d–f)......Page 67 1.8.4 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Sciatic Nerve Compression/Injury at Buttock (Table 1.8g)......Page 69 1.8.6 Management for Compression/Injury of Sciatic Nerve at Buttock/Thigh (A, B) (Table 1.8i)......Page 70 1.8.8 Key Surgical Steps for Sciatic Nerve Exposure at Thigh (B) (Table 1.8k)......Page 71 1.8.9 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Common Peroneal n. and Tibial n. Compression/Injury at Knee/Leg (Table 1.8l)......Page 72 1.8.11 Management for Compression/Injury of CPN at Knee/ Leg (D) (Table 1.8n)......Page 74 1.8.12 Key Surgical Steps for CPN Exposure at Knee/Leg (D) (Table 1.8o)......Page 75 1.8.13 Clinical Syndromes and Findings: Compression of Tibial and CPN at Foot (Table 1.8p)......Page 76 1.8.14 Management for Compression/Injury of Tibial Nerve and its Branches (Table 1.8q)......Page 78 Key surgical steps for decompression in tarsal tunnel syndrome (E) (Table 1.8t)......Page 79 1.9 Meralgia Paresthetica (Table 1.9)......Page 80 1.10 Postures (Table 1.10)......Page 81 1.11.2 Peripheral Nerve Tumors (Table 1.11b)......Page 84 1.11.4 Management (Table 1.11d)......Page 85 1.12 Abbreviations......Page 86 1.13.1 Brachial Plexus Stab Wound......Page 87 1.13.2 Ulnar Neuropathy......Page 88 1.13.3 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome......Page 89 Suggested Readings......Page 90 2.1 Key Myotomes and Dermatomes and Their Main Function (Table 2.1)......Page 91 Management of Cervical Spine Fractures (Table 2.2a)......Page 92 Cervical Spine Closed Reduction Protocol (Table 2.2c)......Page 100 Management of Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Fractures (Table 2.3)......Page 101 2.2.3 Management of Sacral Spine Fractures (Table 2.4)......Page 104 2.3 Management of Degenerative Cervical Spine Disease (Table 2.6)......Page 105 2.4 Other Spine or Spinal Cord Conditions (Table 2.7)......Page 110 2.5 Spinal Infections (Table 2.8)......Page 111 2.6 Management of Degenerative Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Disease (Table 2.9)......Page 112 2.7 Spinal Instrumentation Placement (Table 2.10)......Page 116 2.7.1 Ten Spinal Instrumentation Rescue and Salvage Techniques (Table 2.11 )......Page 122 2.8 Pediatric Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Guidelines (Table 2.12)......Page 123 2.9 Scoliosis (Table 2.13)......Page 124 2.10 Tumors of Spine and Spinal Cord (Table 2.14)......Page 126 2.11 Cases 2.11.1 Cervical Spine Fracture with Perched Facet......Page 133 2.11.2 Lumbar Disc Herniation with Cauda Equina Syndrome......Page 137 2.11.3 Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy—Central Cord Syndrome......Page 138 2.11.4 Spinal Epidural Abscess......Page 141 Suggested Readings......Page 143 ISUIA (International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms)......Page 144 Location of SAH depending on aneurysm6 (Table 3.1e)......Page 145 SAH Grades versus Glasgow outcome scale (Table 3.1h)......Page 146 (Table 3.1k)......Page 147 Triple-H therapy (Table 3.1n)......Page 148 (Table 3.1p)......Page 149 Intraoperative rupture (Table 3.1s)......Page 150 Proximal ICA (Paraclinoida) aneurysms (Table 3.1v)......Page 151 PCom/anterior choroidal (Ach; supraclinoid) aneurysms (Table 3.1w)......Page 152 ACom aneurysms (Table 3.1y)......Page 153 MCA aneurysms (Table 3.1z )......Page 154 Basilar tip aneurysm (Table 3.1bb)......Page 155 Anteroinferior cerebellar artery (AICA) aneurysms (Table 3.1ee)......Page 156 Treatment for IVH24 (Table 3.1gg)......Page 157 (Table 3.2a)......Page 158 3.2.3 STICH II28 (Table 3.2c)......Page 159 3.3.1 Studies......Page 160 3.3.2 Treatment Options......Page 161 3.4.2 Stroke Syndromes (Table 3.4b)......Page 163 (Table 3.4d)......Page 164 (Table 3.4i)......Page 169 ASPECT score38 (Table 3.4j)......Page 170 3.5.2 Moyamoya Disease: Suzuki Stages in DSA (Table 3.5b)......Page 171 3.6.1 Spetzler–Martin Scale43 (Table 3.6a)......Page 172 (Table 3.6d)......Page 173 3.6.7 Surgery for AVMs......Page 174 3.8.1 Cranial Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (DAVF) (Table 3.8a)......Page 175 tolerance......Page 176 3.11.1 Cerebral Arterial Dissection (Table 3.11a)......Page 177 3.12.2 Eloquent Brain (Table 3.12b)......Page 178 Ιmaging......Page 179 3.13.2 Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage......Page 180 Ιmaging......Page 181 3.13.3 Ischemic Stroke......Page 182 References......Page 184 4.1 Astrocytomas (Table 4.1a)......Page 186 4.1.1 Other Astrocytic Tumors (Table 4.1b)......Page 191 4.1.2 Oligodendrogliomas and Oligoastrocytomas (Table 4.1c) Overall better prognosis than astrocytic tumors......Page 192 4.2 Ependymomas (Table 4.2)......Page 194 4.3 Brainstem Gliomas (Table 4.3a)......Page 196 4.3.1 Optic Apparatus/Hypothalamic Gliomas (Table 4.3b)......Page 197 4.4 Choroid Plexus Tumors (Table 4.4)......Page 198 4.5 Neuronal and Mixed Neuronal–Glial Tumors (Table 4.5)......Page 200 4.6 Embryonal Tumors (Table 4.6)......Page 203 4.7 Vestibular Schwannoma (Table 4.7)......Page 206 4.8 Meningiomas (Table 4.8)......Page 209 4.9 Mesenchymal, Non-meningothelial Tumors (Table 4.9)......Page 214 4.10 Hematologic Tumors (Table 4.10)......Page 216 4.11 Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Table 4.11)......Page 218 4.12 Pineal Tumors (Table 4.12a)......Page 219 4.12.1 Germ Cell Tumors (Table 4.12b)......Page 221 4.12.3 Pineal Region Lesion Treatment Algorithm (Table 4.12c)......Page 224 4.13 Pituitary Adenomas (Table 4.13)......Page 225 4.14 Craniopharyngioma (Table 4.14)......Page 236 4.15 Cerebral Metastases (Table 4.15)......Page 237 4.16 Other Lesions (Table 4.16)......Page 241 4.17 General Medical Treatment for Brain Tumors (Table 4.17 )......Page 243 4.18 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (Table 4.18)......Page 244 4.19 Differential Diagnosis (Based on Anatomic Location of Lesion) (Table 4.19)......Page 245 4.20 Various Things to Remember (Table 4.20 )......Page 246 4.21 Tumors and Syndromes (Table 4.21)......Page 247 Ιmaging......Page 252 Ιmaging......Page 254 4.22.3 Solitary Brain Metastasis......Page 256 References......Page 257 Table 5.2)......Page 259 High-altitude cerebral edema (Table 5.4b)......Page 260 Second impact syndrome (Table 5. 4d)......Page 261 Stages of central herniation (Table 5.5b)......Page 262 5.1.7 Cerebral Blood Flow (Table 5.7a)......Page 263 Factors regulating CBF (Table 5.7b)......Page 264 5.1.8 Intracranial Pressure (Table 5.8a)......Page 265 Management algorithm of increased ICP (Table 5.8b )......Page 266 5.1.9 Admission and Discharge Management Algorithm for TBI9 (Table. 5.9)......Page 267 ICP monitors (Table 5.10a )......Page 268 Microdialysis probe (Table 5.10c)......Page 269 Table 5.11)......Page 270 TICH (AKA hemorrhagic contusions) (Table 5.12a)......Page 271 Acute epidural hematoma (AEDH) (Table 5.13a)......Page 272 ASDH (traumatic) (Table 5.14a)......Page 273 Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) (Table 5.14c)......Page 275 Posterior fossa mass lesions (including EDH) (Table 5.15)......Page 277 Table 5.16)......Page 278 Nonmissile penetrating injuries (Table 5.19)......Page 279 TBI Parameters Estimated from CT24 (Table 5.20)......Page 280 (Table 5.21a)......Page 281 (Table 5.21b)......Page 282 5.2.9 Blunt VA Injury28 (Table 5.21d)......Page 283 5.2.10 Outcome Scales29......Page 284 5.3.1 Guidelines for the Acute Medical Management of Severe TBI in Infants, Children, and Adolescents31 (Table 5.23)......Page 285 (Table 5.24b)......Page 289 (Table 5.25a)......Page 290 (Table 5.25b)......Page 291 5.4.4 Non-accidental Trauma (Table 5.25d)......Page 292 5.4.7 Symptomatic Chronic Extra-axial Fluid Collections in Children (Table 5.25g)......Page 293 5.5.1 Conditions Requiring ICU Care (Table 5.26)......Page 294 Intubation checklist (Table 5.27b)......Page 295 5.5.3 Sodium, Osmolality and Electrolyte Balance (Table 5.28a)......Page 296 5.5.4 Treatment of Hyponatremia in SIADH (Table 5.28b)......Page 297 5.5.5 Antithrombotic Reversal Guidelines for Intracranial Hemorrhage42 (Table 5.29)......Page 298 5.5.6 Effect of Anesthesia Medications on Central Nervous System6 (Table 5.30)......Page 299 Sedatives and analgesics (Table 5.31a)......Page 300 Medications to treat hypertension (Table 5.31b)......Page 302 Medications for blood pressure regulation in ICU setting (Table 5.31d)......Page 303 Other medications (Table 5.31e)......Page 304 Ιmaging......Page 305 Ιmaging......Page 307 5.6.3 Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury......Page 308 References......Page 309 6.1 Craniosynostosis (Table 6.1)......Page 311 6.2 Encephalocele (Table 6.2)......Page 316 6.3 Chiari Malformations (Table 6.3)......Page 318 6.4 Dandy–Walker Malformation (Table 6.4)......Page 320 6.5 Vein of Galen Malformation (Table 6.5)......Page 321 6.7 Tethered Cord (Table 6.7)......Page 322 6.8.1 Split Cord Malformation26,27 (Table 6.8b)......Page 323 6.8.2 Dermal Sinus Tract or Dimple (Table 6.8c)......Page 326 6.8.3 Lipomyelomeningocele (Table 6.8d)......Page 327 6.9.1 Open Spinal Defects (Table 6.9a)......Page 328 6.9.2 Retethered Old Myelomeningocele (Table 6.9b)......Page 330 6.10 Pediatric Skull Fractures (Table 6.10 )......Page 331 6.11 Intracranial Hemorrhage in Neonates (Table 6.11)......Page 334 6.12 Treatment of Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus in Newborns (Table 6.12 )......Page 335 6.13.1 Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage in Premature Infant......Page 336 6.13.2 Pediatric Skull Fracture with Epidural Hematoma......Page 338 6.13.3 Open Myelomeningocele......Page 339 References......Page 340 Suggested Readings......Page 341 7.1.1 Neuralgia (Table 7.1a)......Page 342 7.1.2 Motor Cortex Stimulation (Table 7.1b)w......Page 351 7.1.3 Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesioning Procedure (Table 7.1c)......Page 352 7.1.4 Sympathectomy (Table 7.1d)......Page 354 7.1.5 Treatment Strategies for Various Pain Conditions (Table 7.1e)......Page 355 7.2.1 Parkinson’s Disease (Table 7.2a)......Page 359 7.2.2 Hemifacial Spasm (Table 7.2b)......Page 363 7.2.3 Spasticity (Table 7.2c)......Page 364 7.2.4 Torticollis (Table 7.2d)......Page 366 7.3.1 Epilepsy (Table 7.3)......Page 367 7.4.1 Deep Brain Stimulation (Table 7.4a)......Page 372 7.4.2 Spinal Cord and Stimulation (Table 7.4b)......Page 375 7.4.3 Intrathecal Pain Pump Therapy (Table 7.4c)......Page 377 7.5.1 Trigeminal Neuralgia......Page 378 7.5.2 Baclofen Withdrawal......Page 379 Suggested Readings......Page 380 8.1 Hydrocephalus (Table 8.1)......Page 381 8.2 Ventricular Catheter Placement Tips (Table 8.2)......Page 384 8.3 Intracranial Hypotension and Hypertension (Table 8.3 )......Page 386 8.4 Arachnoid Cyst (Table 8.4 )......Page 387 8.5 Central Nervous System Infections (Table 8.5)......Page 388 8.6.1 Normal pressure hydrocephalus......Page 395 8.6.2 Cerebral abscess......Page 398 9 Anatomy......Page 402 Unknown......Page 0 Fig. 9.2)......Page 404 Fig. 9.3)......Page 406 Fig. 9.4)......Page 408 Fig. 9.5)......Page 410 Fig. 9.6)......Page 412 Fig. 9.7)......Page 414 Fig. 9.8)......Page 416 Fig. 9.9)......Page 418 Fig. 9.10)......Page 419 Fig. 9.11)......Page 420 Fig. 9.12)......Page 421 Fig. 9.13)......Page 422 Fig. 9.14)......Page 423 Fig. 9.15)......Page 424 Fig. 9.16)......Page 425 Fig. 9.17)......Page 426 References......Page 427 10.1.1 Basic Information (Table 10.1a)......Page 428 10.1.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.1b)......Page 429 10.1.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.1c)......Page 431 10.1.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.1d)......Page 432 10.2.1 Basic Information (Table 10.2a)......Page 433 10.2.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.2b)......Page 434 10.2.3 Orbitozygomatic Osteotomy Cuts (.Fig. 10.1) 10.2.4 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.2c)......Page 436 10.2.5 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.2d)......Page 437 10.3.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.3b)......Page 438 10.3.3 Approaches into Third Ventricle (Table 10.3c)......Page 440 10.3.4 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.3d)......Page 441 10.3.5 Complications: Avoidance +Mx (Table 10.3e)......Page 442 10.3.6 Approaches to Ventricles6 (Table 10.3f)......Page 443 10.4.1 Basic Information (Table 10.4a)......Page 444 10.4.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.4b)......Page 445 10.4.3 Biorbitonasal Osteotomy Cuts (.Fig. 10.2) 10.4.4 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.4c)......Page 447 10.4.5 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.4d)......Page 448 10.5.1 Basic Information (Table 10.5a)......Page 449 10.5.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.5b)......Page 450 10.5.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.5c)......Page 451 10.5.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.5d)......Page 452 10.6.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.6b)......Page 453 10.6.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.6c)......Page 455 10.6.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.6d)......Page 456 10.7.1 Basic Information (Table 10.7a)......Page 457 10.7.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.7b)......Page 458 10.7.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.7c)......Page 459 10.7.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.7d)......Page 460 10.8.1 Basic Information (Table 10.8a)......Page 461 10.8.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.8b)......Page 462 10.8.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.8c)......Page 464 10.8.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.8d)......Page 465 10.9.1 Basic Information (Table 10.9a)......Page 466 10.9.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.9c)......Page 467 10.9.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.9d)......Page 468 10.10.1 Basic Information (Table 10.10a)......Page 470 10.10.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.10b)......Page 471 10.10.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.10c)......Page 472 10.10.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.10d)......Page 473 10.11.1 Basic Information (Table 10.11a)......Page 474 10.11.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.11b)......Page 475 10.11.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.11c)......Page 476 10.11.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.11d)......Page 477 10.21.1 Basic Information (Table 10.12a)......Page 478 10.12.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.12b)......Page 479 10.12.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.12c)......Page 480 10.12.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.12d)......Page 481 10.13.1 Basic Information (Table 10.13a)......Page 482 10.13.2 Key Procedural Steps (Table 10.13b)......Page 483 10.13.3 Pearls for Each Procedural Step (Table 10.13c)......Page 484 10.13.4 Complications: Avoidance + Mx (Table 10.13d)......Page 485 Suggested Reading......Page 486 11.1 Complications After Cranial Procedures......Page 487 11.2 Spine Surgery......Page 492 11.3 Other Complications......Page 495 11.3.1 Baclofen, Opioid, and Ziconotide (Prialt) Withdrawal and Overdose (Related to Intrathecal Pumps) (Table 11.3d)......Page 497 12.1 Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies (Nerve Conduction Velocity) (Table 12.1)......Page 501 12.2 Weakness (Table 12.2 )......Page 502 12.3 Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinson Plus Syndromes (Table 12.3)......Page 504 12.4 Side Effects of Antipsychotics (Table 12.4)......Page 505 12.5 Various Movement Disorders (Table 12.5)......Page 506 12.6 Dorsal Colum sfunction (Table 12.6)......Page 507 12.7 Dementia (Table 12.7)......Page 508 12.8 Multiple Sclerosis and Other Demyelinating Disorders (Table 12.8)......Page 510 12.9 Vasculitis (Tabe 12.9)......Page 512 12.10 Diseases Associated with Stroke (Table 12.10)......Page 514 12.11 Anterior Circulation Vascular Occlusion (Table 12.11)......Page 515 12.12 Brainstem Syndromes (Table 12.12)......Page 519 12.14 Other Headache Syndromes (Table 12.14)......Page 520 12.15 Other Cranial Nerves Issues (Table 12.15a)......Page 522 12.16 Seizures (Table 12.16a)......Page 523 12.17 CSF Pathognomonic Findings in Disease (Table 12.17a )......Page 526 12.19 Various (Table 12.19)......Page 527 12.20 Case......Page 529 References......Page 530 Index......Page 531