Precision medicine in diabetes : a multidisciplinary approach to an emerging paradigm

Description

Foreword Preface Contents Contributors Introduction Chapter 1: Precision Medicine Approaches for Management of Type 2 Diabetes Introduction The Metabolic Milieu of Diabetes Precision Medicine: Now and Later Targeted Screening for Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetes Prevention Mnemonic to Guide Diabetes Care Benefits of Multiple Risk Factor Control Lifestyle Glycemia Personalizing Glucose Targets Rationale for Glucose Targets Novel Glucose Control Agents Individualizing Glucose-Lowering Medications Lipids and Lipid Drugs Associations Between Lipids, Diabetes, and Chronic Diabetes Complications Statins and Diabetes Complications Other LDL-Lowering Drugs Triglyceride-Lowering Drugs Suggested Lipid Drug Use in People with Type 2 Diabetes Obesity Blood Pressure Individualizing BP Targets Selecting BP-Lowering Drugs Emotion Smoking Screening TReating to Target Inflammation/Infections Vaccinations Education Devices Glucose Monitoring Antiplatelet Agents Management of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Known CVD Management of Arterial Disease and Heart Failure Management of Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Conclusions References Chapter 2: Precision Medicine for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Introduction Cardiovascular and Metabolic Cross-talk Cardiovascular Complications of Diabetes Coronary Artery Disease Hypertension Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Heart Failure Epidemiology and Burden of Diabetes and Heart Disease Coronary Artery Disease Heart Failure Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Management of Diabetes and Heart Disease Glycemic Control Pharmacologic Agents SGLT2 Inhibitors GLP1 Agonists Natriuretic Peptides Summary References Chapter 3: Precision Medicine for Diabetes and Dyslipidemia Introduction Pathogenesis Treatment Statins Secondary Prevention Primary Prevention Do Statins Increase Newly Incident Diabetes? PCSK-9 Inhibitors Ezetimibe Bempedoic Acid Non-LDL Directed Medications Fibrates Omega-3 Fatty Acids Diabetes-Specific Medications Metformin GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Thiazolidinediones Summary References Chapter 4: Imaging in Precision Medicine for Diabetes Role of Noninvasive Imaging Techniques in Precision Diabetology Imaging Tools for Assessing Body Composition and Adipose Tissue Compartments Imaging Tools for Assessing Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure and Metabolism Intramyocellular Lipid Content Assessment of Mitochondrial Function in Skeletal Muscle Assessment of Metabolic Fluxes Imaging Tools for Assessing Hepatic Tissue Function and Metabolism Hepatocellular Lipid Content Progression of NAFLD Mitochondrial Function Measurement of Metabolic Fluxes Imaging Tools for Assessing Cardiovascular Function and Metabolism Myocardial Lipid Contents Myocardial Mitochondrial Function Diabetes-Associated Vascular Disease Imaging Tools for Assessing Pancreatic Steatosis in the Context of Diabetes Pancreatic Steatosis Imaging Tools for Assessing and Monitoring Diabetic Nephropathy Imaging Tools for Assessing and Monitoring Diabetic Retinopathy Concluding Remarks References Chapter 5: Implementation of Precision Genetic Approaches for Type 1 and 2 Diabetes Introduction Potential for Precision Medicine in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) Precision Diagnosis in T1D Precision Prevention in T1D Precision Monitoring in T1D Precision Treatment in T1D Precision Prognostics in T1D Potential for Precision Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) Precision Diagnosis in T2D Precision Prevention in T2D Precision Monitoring in T2D Precision Treatment in T2D Precision Prognostics in T2D Implementation of Precision Medicine for Diabetes Conclusions References Chapter 6: Precision Genetics for Monogenic Diabetes Introduction Epidemiology of Monogenic Diabetes Classification of Monogenic Diabetes Diagnosis of Monogenic Diabetes Challenges with Diagnosing Monogenic Diabetes Risk Calculator and Screening Algorithm for MODY Common Subtypes of MODY: Clinical Phenotypes, Management, and Implications on Pregnancy GCK-MODY HNF1A-MODY HNF4A-MODY HNF1B-MODY KCNJ11-NDM and ABCC8-NDM INS-NDM Conclusion References Chapter 7: Diabetic Kidney Disease: Identification, Prevention, and Treatment Introduction and Epidemiology Pathophysiology Screening, Diagnosis and Stages, and Monitoring Structural Kidney Lesions in Diabetes Relationships Between Kidney Structure and Function Risk Factors Comorbidities and Associated Complications Prevention and Treatment Glycemic Control Organ Protection Monitoring Pregnancy in Women with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Organization of Care References Chapter 8: Precision Medicine for Diabetic Neuropathy Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Clinical Evaluation and Epidemiology Evolution of Understanding Type 1 Versus Type 2 Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Towards a More Precise Understanding Clinical Approach Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity, and Peripheral Neuropathy Prediabetes and Peripheral Neuropathy Pediatric Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Genetic Risk Factors Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets Animal Models Potential Therapeutic Avenues Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Pain Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Sensory Profiling Quantitative Sensory Profiling Two Distinct Pain Phenotypes: The Nonirritable and Irritable Nociceptor Phenotype-Driven Therapeutic Experience in Painful DPN Sensory Phenotyping to Predict Therapeutic Response Brain Imaging in Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Future Directions and Moving Toward Precise Treatments References Chapter 9: Inpatient Precision Medicine for Diabetes Introduction Patient Heterogeneity and Complexity in Factors Affecting Metabolism Hospital Glucose Monitoring and Data Acquisition Individualized Management Strategies: Glycemic Targets and Pharmacotherapy Conclusions References Chapter 10: Precision Medical Management Strategies for Diabetes Remission Definition of Remission in Type 2 DM Twin Cycle Hypothesis and Remission Window: Clinical Inertia Negative Energy Balance, How It Can Induce Remission, and Clinical Trials Showing Practicality Pharmacotherapy with Oral Hypoglycemics, Insulin, and Appetite Suppressants References Chapter 11: Surgical Management for Diabetes Remission Introduction DM2 Cure Versus Remission Bariatric Surgeries Associated with DM2 Remission DM2 Remission After Bariatric Surgery Mechanisms Driving DM2 Remission Important Considerations of Bariatric Surgery in DM2 Remission and Future Directions Conclusions References Chapter 12: Precision Nutrition for Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Determinants of Precision Nutrition in T2DM Deep Phenotyping (Omics Technologies) Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics Microbiome Metabolomics Deep Monitoring Mobile Technologies for Nutritional Assessment and Diabetes Management Wearable Devices for Metabolic Assessment From Science to Practice: Clinical Translation Bibliography Chapter 13: Precision Exercise and Physical Activity for Diabetes Definitions and Considerations Physical Activity Definitions Precision Medicine Type 1 Diabetes The Right Treatment: Adaptations to Exercise Training and Habitual Physical Activity in People with Type 1 Diabetes The Right Treatment: Acute Glycemic Effects of Exercise in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes The Right Patient Insulin Management Continuous Glucose Monitoring/Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM/isCGM) Individual Characteristics The Right Time The “Honeymoon” Phase Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Pregnancy Older Adults Timing of Exercise: Fasting Versus Fed Exercise Timing of Exercise: Late Afternoon/Evening Exercise Timing of Exercise Relative to Meals/Snacks Type 2 Diabetes The Right Treatment General Considerations Aerobic Training Resistance Training High-Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) Breaking Sedentary Time The Right Patient General Considerations Age and/or Duration of Diabetes Sex Obesity, Body Fat Distribution, and Sarcopenia Other Treatments (e.g., Medications or Nutrition) The Right Time General Considerations Speculations on When Delaying Exercise Interventions (or Co-Interventions) Could Be Considered Exercise Timing (e.g., Time of Day) Summary References Chapter 14: Diabetes Technology for Precision Therapy in Children, Adults, and Pregnancy Introduction Changing the Precision Medicine Paradigm CGM Technology CGM Clinical Outcomes CGM and the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) Expanding the Role of CGM: Real-Life Applications Background and Rationale for Pump Therapy Pumps with Integrated CGM Hybrid Closed Loop in Clinical Practice: Following the Principles of Precision Medicine Expanding the Role of Pumps References Chapter 15: Adaptive and Individualized Artificial Pancreas for Precision Management of Type 1 Diabetes Introduction Individualization CR-Based Models Impulse Response (IR) Models Constrained Optimization (CO) Models Nonparametric (NP) Models Neural Network (NN) Models Adaptivity Conclusions References Chapter 16: Evolving Approaches to Type 1 Diabetes Management Automated Insulin Delivery Prevention of Immune Destruction to Preserve Beta-Cell Mass or Function Replacement of Insulin-Secreting Beta Cells Regeneration of Beta Cells Conclusions References Index