Power & Choice: An Introduction to Political Science

Description

W. Phillips Shively's Power & Choice offers an in-depth look into the nuances of politics, both domestic and international, through the use of multiple comparative perspectives and theoretical approaches. The major theme reflected in the title is based on Shively's definition of politics as the making of collective choices for a group or state through the use of power. Using extended case examples from around the world, Power & Choice provides undergraduate students with a clear and engaging introduction to political philosophy, comparative legal systems, and international politics. Highlights of the fifteenth edition: -Additional coverage of the continuing fallout of the 2008-2009 worldwide economic crisis, the failed Arab Spring, the upsurge of populism and the fragility of democracies, and the Nigerian elections. -New sections on the importance of norms in democratic government, the need to strike a balance in partisanship, the digital challenge to political parties, and the rise of "court" politics. -New examples include Rwanda's attempt to eliminate the use of plastic bags, the two large-scale uprisings in Iran since its revolution, and climate change as an international problem of public goods. -A new four-color design and updated art program to better engage students. -New pedagogical aids include "Major Themes to Look For" and review questions in every chapter, as well as new online study quizzes. Title......Page 2 Copyright......Page 4 Brief Contents......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 List of Tables, Figures, and Photos......Page 17 List of Examples......Page 21 Preface......Page 23 PART I THE IDEA OF POLITICS......Page 27 1 Politics: Setting the Stage......Page 28 Politics......Page 30 Politics as the Making of Common Decisions......Page 31 Politics as the Exercise of Power......Page 32 Power and Choice......Page 39 Politics of the State......Page 50 Political Science......Page 51 The Pleasures of Politics......Page 55 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 56 2   Modern Ideologies and Political Philosophy......Page 58 American Ideologies......Page 61 Liberalism......Page 66 The Conservative Reaction......Page 70 The Socialist Alternative......Page 76 Communism and Socialism......Page 81 Fascism......Page 83 Ideologies in the Twenty-First Century......Page 85 Religion, Politics, and Political Philosophy......Page 88 Political Philosophy in Other Historical Eras......Page 92 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 95 PART II THE STATE AND PUBLIC POLICY......Page 97 3   The Modern State......Page 98 The Development of the Modern State......Page 102 The Origin of States: Power or Choice?......Page 106 The State as a Device to Provide Public Goods......Page 108 “State,” “Nation,” and the “Nation-State”......Page 111 State-Building......Page 120 Government and the State......Page 122 Challenges to the State......Page 126 Example 3.1 ■ State-Building in Nigeria......Page 129 Example 3.2 ■ State-Building in the European Union......Page 132 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 138 4   Policies of the State......Page 140 The Role of Government in the Third World......Page 144 Why Are the World’s States Expanding?......Page 147 Constraints and Conditions for Policy......Page 148 Defense Policy......Page 152 Education......Page 154 Research and Development......Page 156 Health and Social Welfare......Page 159 Progress across the Last Century And a Half......Page 163 Example 4.1 ■ The Demographic Challenge......Page 165 Example 4.2 ■ Economic Development Compared with “Human Development”......Page 167 Example 4.3 ■ Rwanda’s War on Plastic Bags......Page 170 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 172 5   Economic Policy of the State......Page 174 Economic Performance I: Growth......Page 176 Economic Performance II: Controlling Inflation and Unemployment......Page 184 Distribution and Economic Inequality......Page 191 Independent Central Banks......Page 195 Corruption......Page 199 Other Measures Available to Government......Page 206 Globalization: Are States Losing Their Ability to Make Economic Policy?......Page 208 Political Economy......Page 211 Example 5.1 ■ Economic Policy in Germany......Page 213 Example 5.2 ■ Economic Policy in Indonesia......Page 218 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 221 6   What Lies Behind Policy: Questions of Justice and Effectiveness......Page 224 The Problem of Justice......Page 226 Other Aspects of Justice: Procedural Justice......Page 229 Effectiveness......Page 235 A Basic Question of Effectiveness: Authority versus the Market......Page 239 Power and Choice......Page 247 Example 6.1 ■ Political Choice......Page 248 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 252 PART III THE CITIZEN AND THE REGIME......Page 254 7   Democracies and Authoritarian Systems......Page 255 Democracy......Page 257 The Coming and Going of Democracy......Page 260 Possible Explanations......Page 264 What Did We Learn from the Third Wave?......Page 266 Why Are Prosperous Countries Likely to Be Democracies?......Page 270 Democracy and Freedom......Page 273 Democracy and Capitalism......Page 275 Authoritarian Systems......Page 276 Military Government......Page 280 Why Aren’t There More Military Governments?......Page 284 One-Party States......Page 286 Monarchies and Theocracies......Page 288 Democracy versus Authoritarianism: Material Considerations......Page 289 Example 7.1 ■ Authoritarian Drift in Venezuela?......Page 291 Example 7.2 ■ Theocracy in Iran......Page 295 Example 7.3 ■ The “Arab Spring”: A Failed Wave of Democratization......Page 297 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 301 8   Political Culture and Political Socialization......Page 304 Analyzing Political Cultures......Page 307 Religion and Political Culture......Page 310 Political Socialization......Page 312 Media as Agents of Political Socialization......Page 315 Political Culture and the “Democratic Citizen”......Page 317 How Well Do Citizens Meet These Requirements?......Page 319 Example 8.1 ■ Building Authority and Legitimacy in West Germany after World War II......Page 323 Example 8.2 ■ Declining Democratic Legitimacy in the United States......Page 326 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 328 PART IV THE APPARATUS OF GOVERNANCE......Page 330 9   Constitutions and the Design of Government......Page 331 Variations in Formality......Page 334 The Virtue of Vagueness......Page 335 Other Principles of Constitutional Design......Page 337 Constitution-Writing......Page 342 The Geographic Concentration of Power......Page 345 “Federal” and “Unitary” States......Page 347 The Distinction between “Unitary” and “Centralized” States......Page 349 How Much Centralization Is Good?......Page 352 Constitutions and Guarantees of Rights......Page 354 Written Constitutions Can Do Only So Much: The Importance of Norms......Page 355 Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law......Page 358 Example 9.1 ■ Constitutional Government in Great Britain......Page 360 Example 9.2 ■ Constitution- Writing in South Africa......Page 363 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 366 10 Elections......Page 368 Elections as a Means of Building Support......Page 370 Elections as a Means of Selecting Leaders and Policies......Page 374 Electoral Systems......Page 375 Referendums......Page 383 Electoral Participation......Page 385 Effects of Choice and Information on Turnout......Page 390 The Paradox of Voting......Page 392 The Bases of Individuals’ Electoral Choices......Page 395 Example 10.1 ■ Proportional Representation Elections in Israel......Page 398 Example 10.2 ■ Elections in Nigeria......Page 400 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 402 11 Parties: A Linking and Leading Mechanism in Politics......Page 404 The Political Party......Page 405 Origins of the Modern Party......Page 407 Political Parties and the Mobilization of the Masses......Page 410 Political Parties and the Recruitment and Socialization of Leaders......Page 413 Political Parties as a Source of Political Identity......Page 415 Political Parties as a Channel of Control......Page 419 Striking a Balance in Partisanship......Page 421 Party Organization......Page 423 Party Finance......Page 428 The Digital Challenge to Parties......Page 430 Political Party Systems......Page 432 Example 11.1 ■ The Communist Party of China......Page 438 Example 11.2 ■ Canada’s Political Parties......Page 441 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 445 12 Structured Conflict: Interest Groups and Politics......Page 447 Interest Groups and Representation......Page 450 Interest Groups and the Problem of Public Goods......Page 458 Types of Interest Groups......Page 460 Tactics of Interest Groups......Page 463 The Choice of Tactics......Page 473 Patterns of Organized Interest-Group Activity......Page 475 Pluralism......Page 477 Neocorporatism......Page 479 Example 12.1 ■ Interest Groups in France......Page 482 Example 12.2 ■ Attenuated Interest Groups in Bangladesh......Page 485 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 487 13 Social Movements and Contentious Politics......Page 489 Why Now?......Page 494 Advantages (and Disadvantages) of Informal Organization......Page 497 Example 13.1 ■ Two Uprisings in Iran......Page 502 Example 13.2 ■ The “Orange Revolution” in Ukraine......Page 504 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 507 14 National Decision-Making Institutions: Parliamentary Government......Page 509 Head of State......Page 513 Head of Government......Page 514 Cabinet Control......Page 517 What Does a Parliament Do?......Page 519 Parliamentary Committees......Page 524 Upper Houses......Page 526 Advantages and Disadvantages of Parliamentary Government......Page 527 Let’s Make Sure I Haven’t Made This Sound Too Simple......Page 530 “Consensus” Parliamentarism......Page 531 Parliaments in Authoritarian Systems......Page 534 Example 14.1 ■ Parliamentary Government in India......Page 536 Example 14.2 ■ Parliamentary Government in Germany......Page 541 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 544 15 National Decision-Making Institutions: Presidential Government......Page 546 Political Parties and Presidential Government......Page 549 Presidential Leadership......Page 552 Presidential and Parliamentary Systems Compared......Page 554 Responsibility for Policy......Page 555 Presidential Systems and Comprehensive Policy......Page 557 Recruitment of Executive Leaders......Page 558 Review and Control of the Executive......Page 561 “Court” Politics......Page 562 Flexibility of the Political Process......Page 564 The Split Executive of Parliamentary Systems......Page 566 Why Aren’t All Democracies Parliamentary Systems?......Page 569 Democracy and the Question of Accountability......Page 571 A Note on Institutions and Power......Page 576 Example 15.1 ■ Presidential Hybrid in France......Page 577 Example 15.2 ■ Presidential Government in Mexico......Page 581 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 583 16 Bureaucracy and the Public Sector......Page 586 Public Administration as a Political Problem......Page 589 Characteristics of Good Public Administration......Page 592 “Bureaucracy”: A Reform of the Nineteenth Century......Page 594 Bureaucracy versus Flexibility......Page 596 The Problem of Protected Incompetence......Page 598 Adjustments to Bureaucracy......Page 599 Social Representativeness of Public Administration......Page 602 Example 16.1 ■ The French Bureaucracy......Page 604 Example 16.2 ■ Bureaucratic Cultures in Europe and Africa......Page 606 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 609 17 Law and the Courts......Page 610 Anglo-Saxon Case Law......Page 612 Continental European Code Law......Page 614 The Blending of Case Law and Code Law......Page 618 Religious Law: The Sharia......Page 620 Courts......Page 624 Judicial Review......Page 628 Example 17.1 ■ The Law in China......Page 632 Example 17.2 ■ The European Court of Justice......Page 636 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 638 PART V INTERNATIONAL POLITICS......Page 640 18 Global Politics: Politics among States (and Others)......Page 641 The Absence of Central Authority......Page 643 Fiduciary Political Roles and International Morality......Page 646 Impediments to International Communication......Page 648 Power and International Politics......Page 649 The Process of International Politics......Page 653 The Evolution of the International System since World War II......Page 663 The World since the Cold War......Page 666 Power and Choice in International Politics......Page 675 Example 18.1 ■ Climate Change: A Problem of Public Goods among States......Page 676 Example 18.2 ■ The United Nations......Page 680 Key Terms | Review Questions......Page 683 Falsifiability......Page 686 What Makes a Statement Interesting?......Page 687 Causation and Explanation......Page 690 Historical Explanation......Page 692 A Few Common Pitfalls in Analysis......Page 693 Glossary......Page 697 Notes......Page 710 Index......Page 731