Broadband access : wireline and wireless, alternatives for Internet services

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Broadband Access: Wireline and Wireless – Alternatives for Internet Services Contents About the Authors Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 1 Introduction to Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 1.1 Introduction 1.2 A Brief History of the Access Network 1.3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 1.3.1 DSL Technologies and Their Evolution 1.3.2 DSL System Technologies 1.4 Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable (HFC) 1.5 Power Line Communications (PLC) 1.6 Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 1.7 Wireless Broadband Access 1.8 Direct Point-to-Point Connections Appendix 1.A: Voiceband Modems 2 Introduction to Fiber Optic Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Brief History of Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 2.3 Introduction to PON Systems 2.3.1 PON System Overview 2.3.2 PON Protocol Evolution 2.4 FITL Technology Considerations 2.4.1 Optical Components 2.4.2 Powering the Loop 2.4.3 System Power Savings 2.4.4 PON Reach Extension 2.5 Introduction to PON Network Protection 2.5.1 Background on Network Protection 2.5.2 PON Facility Protection 2.5.3 OLT Function Protection 2.5.4 ONU Protection 2.5.5 Conclusions Regarding Protection 2.6 Conclusions Appendix 2.A: Subscriber Power Considerations References Further Reading 3 IEEE Passive Optical Networks 3.1 Introduction 3.2 IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet-based PON (EPON) 3.2.1 EPON Physical Layer 3.2.2 Signal Formats 3.2.3 MAC Protocol 3.2.4 Encryption and Security 3.2.5 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 3.2.6 ONU Discovery and Activation 3.2.7 ONU Ranging Mechanism 3.2.8 EPON OAM 3.2.9 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 3.3 IEEE 802.3av 10Gbit/s Ethernet-based PON (10G EPON) 3.3.1 10G EPON Physical Layer 3.3.2 Signal Format 3.3.3 MAC Protocol 3.3.4 Forward Error Correction 3.3.5 ONU Discovery and Activation 3.3.6 ONU Ranging Mechanism 3.3.7 10G EPON OAM 3.3.8 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 3.4 Summary Comparison of EPON and 10G EPON 3.5 Transport of Timing and Synchronization over EPON and 10G EPON 3.6 Overview of the IEEE 1904.1 Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (SIEPON) 3.6.1 SIEPON MAC Functional Blocks 3.6.2 VLAN Support 3.6.3 Multicast Service 3.6.4 SIEPON Service Management 3.6.5 Performance Monitoring and Verification 3.6.6 SIEPON Service Availability 3.6.7 SIEPON Optical Link Protection 3.6.8 SIEPON Power Savings 3.6.9 SIEPON Security Mechanisms 3.6.10 SIEPON Management 3.7 ITU-T G.9801 Ethernet Passive Optical Networks using OMCI 3.8 Conclusions Appendix 3.A: 64B/66B Line Code References Further Readings 4 ITU-T/FSAN PON Protocols 4.1 Introduction 4.2 ITU-T G.983 Series B-PON (Broadband PON) 4.3 ITU-T G.984 Series G-PON (Gigabit-capable PON) 4.3.1 G-PON Physical Layer 4.3.2 G-PON Frame Formats 4.3.3 G-PON Encapsulation Method (GEM) 4.3.4 G-PON Multiplexing 4.3.5 Encryption and Security 4.3.6 Forward Error Correction 4.3.7 Protection Switching 4.3.8 ONU Activation 4.3.9 Ranging Mechanism 4.3.10 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 4.3.11 OAM Communication 4.3.12 Time of Day Distribution 4.3.13 G-PON Enhancements 4.4 Next Generation PON (NG-PON) 4.4.1 Introduction to G.987 series XG-PON (NG-PON1 – 10Gbit-capable PON) 4.4.2 XG-PON Physical Layer 4.4.3 XG-PON Transmission Convergence Layer and Frame Structures 4.4.4 Forward Error Correction 4.4.5 XG-PON Encapsulation Method (XGEM) 4.4.6 XG-PON Management 4.4.7 XG-PON Security 4.4.8 NG-PON2 40 Gbit/s Capable PON Appendix 4.A: Summary Comparison of EPON and G-PON References Further Readings 5 Optical Domain PON Technologies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 WDMA (Wavelength Division Multiple Access) PON 5.2.1 Overview 5.2.2 Technologies 5.2.3 Applications 5.3 CDMA PON 5.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet 5.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing and OFDM 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 OFDMA PON 5.6 Conclusions References Further Readings 6 Hybrid Fiber Access Technologies 6.1 Introduction and Background 6.2 Evolution of DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) to Passive Optical Networks 6.2.1 Introduction and Background 6.2.2 DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE) 6.2.3 Conclusions for DPoE 6.3 Radio and Radio Frequency Signals over Fiber 6.3.1 Radio over Fiber (RoF) 6.3.2 Baseband Digital Radio Fiber Interfaces 6.3.3 Radio Frequency over Glass (RFoG) 6.4 IEEE 802.3bn Ethernet Protocol over Coaxial Cable (EPoC) 6.5 Conclusions References Further Readings 7 DSL Technology – Broadband via Telephone Lines 7.1 Introduction to DSL 7.2 DSL Compared to Other Access Technologies 7.2.1 Security and Reliability 7.2.2 Point-to-Point Versus Shared Access 7.2.3 Common Facilities for Voice and DSL 7.2.4 Bit-rate Capacity 7.2.5 Hybrid Access 7.2.6 Future Trends for DSL Access 7.3 DSL Overview 7.3.1 Voice-band Modems 7.3.2 The DSL Concept 7.3.3 DSL Terminology 7.3.4 Introduction to DSL Types 7.3.5 DSL Performance Improvement, Repeaters, and Bonding 7.3.6 Splitters and Filters for Voice and Data 7.3.7 Other Ways to Convey Voice and Data 7.4 Transmission Channel and Impairments 7.4.1 Signal Attenuation 7.4.2 Bridged Taps 7.4.3 Loading Coils 7.4.4 Return Loss and Insertion Loss 7.4.5 Balance 7.4.6 Intersymbol Interference (ISI) 7.4.7 Noise 7.4.8 Transmission Channel Models 7.5 DSL Transmission Techniques 7.5.1 Duplexing 7.5.2 Channel Equalization and Related Techniques 7.5.3 Coding References Further Readings 8 The Family of DSL Technologies 8.1 ADSL 8.1.1 G.lite 8.1.2 ADSL2 and ADSL2plus 8.1.3 ADSL1 and ADSL2plus Performance 8.2 VDSL 8.2.1 VDSL2 8.2.2 VDSL2 Performance 8.3 Basic Rate Interface ISDN 8.4 HDSL, HDSL2, and HDLS4 8.5 SHDSL 8.6 G.fast (FTTC DSL) Reference 9 Advanced DSL Techniques and Home Networking 9.1 Repeaters and Bonding 9.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) 9.3 Vectored Transmission 9.4 Home Networking References Further Readings 10 DSL Standards 10.1 Spectrum Management – ANSI T1.417 10.2 G.hs – ITU-T Rec. G.994.1 10.3 PLOAM – ITU-T Rec. G.997.1 10.4 G.bond – ITU-T Recs. G.998.1, G.998.2, and G.998.3 10.5 G.test – ITU-T Rec. G.996.1 10.6 G.lt – ITU-T Rec. G.996.2 10.7 Broadband Forum DSL Testing Specifications 10.8 Broadband Forum TR-069 – Remote Management of CPE References 11 The DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) Protocol 11.1 General Introduction 11.2 Introduction to MSO Networks 11.3 Background on Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) Networks 11.4 Introduction to DOCSIS 11.5 DOCSIS Network Elements 11.5.1 CMTS (Cable Modem Terminating System) 11.5.2 CM (Cable Modem) 11.5.3 FN (Fiber Node) 11.5.4 RF Combiner Shelf 11.6 Brief History of the DOCSIS Protocol Evolution 11.6.1 DOCSIS 1.0 11.6.2 DOCSIS 1.1 11.6.3 DOCSIS 2.0 11.6.4 DOCSIS 3.0 11.6.5 Regional History and Considerations 11.7 DOCSIS Physical Layer 11.7.1 DOCSIS Downstream Transmission 11.7.2 DOCSIS Upstream Transmission 11.8 Synchronization and Ranging 11.8.1 Synchronization 11.8.2 Ranging 11.9 DOCSIS MAC Sub-Layer 11.9.1 Downstream MAC 11.9.2 Upstream MAC 11.9.3 MAC Management Messages 11.9.4 MAC Parameters 11.10 CM Provisioning 11.11 Security 11.12 Introduction to Companion Protocols 11.12.1 The PacketCable™ Protocol 11.12.2 The OpenCable™ Protocol 11.12.3 PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM) 11.13 Conclusions References Further Readings 12 Broadband in Gas Line (BIG) 12.1 Introduction to BIG 12.2 Proposed Technology 12.3 Potential Drawbacks for BIG 12.4 Broadband Sewage Line Reference 13 Power Line Communications 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Early Years 13.3 Narrowband PLC 13.3.1 Overview of NB-PLC Standards 13.4 Broadband PLC 13.4.1 Overview of BB-PLC Standards 13.5 Power Grid Topologies 13.5.1 Outdoor Topologies: HV, MV, and LV 13.5.2 Indoor Topologies 13.6 Outdoor and In-Home Channel Characterization 13.6.1 Characteristics of the HV Power Line Channel 13.6.2 Characteristics of MV Power Line Channel 13.6.3 Characteristics of LV Power Line Channel 13.6.4 Power Line Noise Characteristics 13.7 Power Line Channel Modeling 13.7.1 Recent Results on the Modeling of Wireline Channels: Towards a Unified Framework 13.8 The IEEE 1901 Broadband over Power Line Standard 13.8.1 Overview of Technical Features 13.8.2 The MAC and the Two PLCPs 13.8.3 Access-Specific Features 13.9 PLC and the Smart Grid 13.9.1 PLC for MV 13.9.2 PLC for LV 13.10 Conclusions References Further Reading 14 Wireless Broadband Access: Air Interface Fundamentals 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Duplexing Techniques 14.2.1 Frequency-Division Duplex 14.2.2 Time-Division Duplex 14.3 Physical Layer Concepts 14.3.1 The Wireless Channel 14.3.2 Diversity 14.3.3 Channel Coding 14.3.4 Interleaving 14.3.5 Multi-Antenna Techniques and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) 14.4 Access Technology Concepts 14.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 14.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 14.4.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 14.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 14.4.5 MAC Protocols 14.5 Cross-Layer Algorithms 14.5.1 Link Adaptation 14.5.2 Channel-Dependent Scheduling 14.5.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 14.6 Example Application: Satellite Broadband Access 14.7 Summary Further Reading 15 WiFi: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Technology Basics 15.2.1 System Overview 15.2.2 MAC Layer 15.2.3 Physical Layer 15.3 Technology Evolution 15.3.1 802.11 b 15.3.2 802.11 a/g 15.3.3 802.11 n 15.3.4 802.11 ac 15.4 WLAN Network Architecture 15.5 TV White Space and 802.11 af 15.6 Summary Further Readings 16 UMTS: W-CDMA and HSPA 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Technology Basics 16.2.1 Network Architecture 16.2.2 Protocol Architecture 16.2.3 Physical Layer (L1) 16.2.4 Layer-2 16.2.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 16.3 UMTS Technology Evolution 16.3.1 Release 99 16.3.2 Release 5: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 16.3.3 Release 6: Enhanced Uplink 16.3.4 Release 7 16.3.5 Release 8 and Beyond 16.4 CDMA2000 16.5 Summary Further Readings 17 Fourth Generation Systems: LTE and LTE-Advanced 17.1 Introduction 17.1.1 LTE Standardization 17.1.2 LTE Requirements 17.2 Release 8: The Basics of LTE 17.2.1 Network Architecture 17.2.2 PDN Connectivity, Bearers, and QoS Architecture 17.2.3 Protocol Architecture 17.2.4 Layer-1: The Physical Layer 17.2.5 Layer-2 and Cross-Layer Algorithms 17.2.6 Layer-3: Radio Resource Control (RRC) 17.3 Release 9: eMBMS and SON 17.3.1 Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) 17.3.2 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 17.4 Release 10: LTE-Advanced 17.4.1 Carrier Aggregation 17.4.2 Heterogeneous Networks with Small Cells 17.5 Future of LTE-Advanced: Release 11 and Beyond 17.5.1 Cooperative Multi-Point (CoMP) 17.5.2 Release 12 and the Future of LTE 17.6 IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX Systems 17.7 Summary Further Readings 18 Conclusions Regarding Broadband Access Networks and Technologies Index