Braking of Road Vehicles

Description

Braking of Road Vehicles, Second Edition includes updated and new subject matter related to the technological advances of road vehicles such as hybrid and electric vehicles and "self-driving" and autonomous vehicles. New material to this edition includes root causes, guidelines, experimental and measurement techniques, brake NVH identification and data analysis, CAE and dynamic modelling, advances in rotor and stator materials, manufacturing methods, changes to European and US legislation since 2014, recent developments in technology, methods and analysis, and new and updated case studies. This new edition will continue to be of interest to engineers and technologists in automotive and road transport industries, automotive engineering students and instructors, and professional staff in vehicle-related legislational, legal, military, security and investigative functions. Front cover Half title Title Copyright Contents Preface Chapter 1 Introduction References Chapter 2 Friction pairs 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 History 2.1.2 Frictional contact and sliding friction 2.2 The friction pair 2.2.1 Rotor and stator 2.2.2 Functional requirements 2.3 Resin-bonded composite friction materials 2.3.1 Formulation and design 2.3.2 Manufacture 2.4 Thermophysical properties 2.5 Brake performance 2.5.1 Coefficient of friction 2.5.2 Bedding-in and Burnishing 2.6 Wear 2.7 New friction pairs: composition, manufacture, and properties 2.7.1 Overview 2.7.2 Sintered friction materials 2.7.3 Carbon–Carbon (C–C) brakes 2.7.4 Carbon–ceramic (C–SiC) friction pairs 2.7.5 Aluminium composite rotors 2.8 Chapter summary References Chapter 3 Braking system design for passenger cars and light vans 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Weight transfer during braking 3.2.1 Approach and conventions 3.2.2 Longitudinal weight transfer 3.2.3 Lateral weight transfer 3.3 Tyre/road adhesion 3.3.1 Road grip 3.3.2 Adhesion coefficient 3.4 Braking force and wheel slip 3.4.1 Wheel slip and braking force coefficient 3.4.2 Braking and lateral forces in tyres 3.5 Braking force distribution 3.5.1 Contribution of each brake to vehicle deceleration 3.5.2 Braking ratio 3.6 Wheel lock and vehicle stability during braking 3.7 Braking efficiency 3.8 Adhesion utilisation 3.9 Chapter summary References Chapter 4 Braking system design for vehicle and trailer combinations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Car and light trailer 4.3 Car towing a trailer or caravan with overrun brakes 4.4 Rigid truck towing a centre-axle trailer 4.5 Rigid truck towing a full-trailer 4.6 Articulated commercial vehicles—tractors and semi-trailers 4.7 Load sensing and compatibility 4.8 Chapter summary References Chapter 5 Brake design analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Disc brakes 5.2.1 Basic principles 5.2.2 Torque generated by a disc brake 5.2.3 Friction interface contact force and pressure distribution in disc brakes 5.3 Drum brakes 5.3.1 Basic principles 5.3.2 Torque generated by a drum brake 5.3.3 Types of drum brake 5.3.4 Friction interface contact force and pressure distribution in drum brakes 5.3.5 Drum brake actuation 5.4 Brake factor and ηC∗ for air-actuated commercial vehicle brakes 5.5 Chapter summary References Chapter 6 Brake system layout design 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overview of the vehicle braking system layout design process 6.2.1 Step 1 6.2.2 Step 2 6.3 Steps 3 and 4 for Passenger car and light commercial vehicle braking systems with hydraulic actuation 6.3.1 Example Passenger car vehicle 6.3.2 Step 3 Design the hydraulic actuation system 6.3.3 Step 4 Verify the design and check compliance with legislative requirements ^^e2^^80^^94 UN Regulation 13-H \(2015\) 6.4 Heavy goods vehicle braking systems with pneumatic actuation 6.4.1 Example heavy goods vehicle 6.4.2 Step 3 Design the pneumatic actuation system 6.4.3 Step 4 Verify the design and check compliance with legislative requirements (UN Regulation 13) 6.5 Regenerative braking 6.6 Developments in road vehicle brake actuation systems 6.7 Chapter summary References Chapter 7 Electronic braking systems 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Antilock braking systems (ABS) 7.2.1 ABS principles 7.2.2 Antilock braking system technology and control strategy options 7.2.3 Measurement of antilock braking system efficiency 7.3 Electronic stability control (ESC) 7.3.1 ESC principles 7.3.2 ESC system technology and control strategy options 7.4 Electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD) 7.5 Traction control system (TCS) 7.6 Roll Stability Control (RSC) 7.7 Additional electronic braking systems 7.7.1 Brake assist systems (BAS) 7.7.2 Adaptive cruise control (ACC) 7.7.3 Advanced emergency braking system (AEBS) 7.7.4 Electric parking brake systems (EPB) and hill start assist (HSA) 7.7.5 Trailer sway control (TSC) 7.7.6 Torque vectoring by braking (TVbB) 7.7.7 Engine drag control (EDC) 7.7.8 Brake by wire (BBW) 7.8 Regenerative braking 7.9 System warnings and driver interfaces with electronic braking 7.10 Chapter summary References Chapter 8 Thermal effects in friction brakes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Heat energy and power in friction brakes 8.3 Braking energy management and materials 8.4 Brake thermal analysis 8.4.1 Overview 8.4.2 Friction surface temperature prediction using analytical methods 8.4.3 Brake temperature, stress, and deformation prediction using computational methods 8.5 Heat dissipation in brakes 8.5.1 Overview 8.5.2 Convective heat transfer 8.5.3 Conductive heat transfer 8.5.4 Radiative heat transfer 8.6 Chapter summary References Chapter 9 Brake noise, vibration, and harshness 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Brake noise, vibration, and harshness classification 9.3 Squeal 9.3.1 Overview 9.3.2 Source mechanisms 9.3.3 Interface geometry analysis 9.3.4 Drum brake squeal 9.3.5 General observations on brake squeal 9.4 Other classes of brake NVH 9.4.1 Creep-groan 9.4.2 Hum 9.5 Brake judder 9.5.1 Overview 9.5.2 Cold judder 9.5.3 Hot judder 9.6 Computer analysis methods 9.6.1 Eigenvalue analysis 9.6.2 Finite element analysis (FEA) methods 9.6.3 Time domain methods 9.7 Experimental methods 9.7.1 Overview 9.7.2 Experimental modal analysis 9.7.3 Measurement techniques 9.8 Design rules for quiet brakes 9.9 Chapter summary References Chapter 10 Brake testing 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Instrumentation and data acquisition in experimental brake testing 10.2.1 Temperature 10.2.2 Deceleration 10.2.3 Torque 10.2.4 Force 10.2.5 Pressure 10.2.6 Displacement and distance 10.2.7 Vibration frequency, amplitude, and phase 10.2.8 Particulate emissions 10.3 Experimental design, test procedures, and protocols for brake testing 10.4 Test vehicles, dynamometers, and rigs 10.5 Experimental brake test procedures 10.5.1 Preparation, bedding, and burnishing 10.5.2 Braking performance 10.5.3 Wear test procedures 10.5.4 Standardised test procedures 10.6 Brake test data interpretation and analysis 10.7 Chapter summary References Chapter 11 Braking legislation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 European road vehicle braking regulations 11.2.1 Overview 11.2.2 Vehicle categories 11.2.3 The EU Regulation 2019/2144 (2019) (GSR) 11.2.4 EU Type Approval 11.2.5 UN Regulation 13-H 11.2.6 UN Regulation 13 11.2.7 Compatibility of vehicle combinations 11.2.8 Park, secondary, and residual braking 11.2.9 UN Regulation 90 11.3 US road vehicle braking legislation 11.4 Complex electronic vehicle control systems 11.4.1 Overview 11.4.2 Electronic stability control 11.4.3 Electronic braking systems 11.4.4 Advanced emergency braking systems 11.4.5 Brake assist systems 11.5 Regenerative braking systems 11.6 Automated and autonomous vehicles 11.7 Chapter summary References Chapter 12 Case studies in the braking of road vehicles 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Brake system design verification 12.3 Braking performance variation 12.4 Interaction between the brakes and the vehicle 12.5 Brake NVH 12.6 Mixed-mode braking: regenerative braking system design 12.7 Chapter summary References Nomenclature and glossary of terms Nomenclature Glossary of Terms Index Back cover