Pediatric Ultrasound: How, Why and When

Description

Pediatric ultrasound is different to adult ultrasound in all respects. The equipment chosen for pediatric work has different requirments, the technique of scanning is different, the normal anatomy changes throughout childhood and the pathology encountered in childhood are unique to children. This book addresses the 'how', 'why' and 'when' of pediatric ultrasound. Each chapter begins with the 'how': how to scan and what special techniques or tricks to use when scanning children. The 'why' and 'when' discuss the pathology and use of other imaging modalities - an essential skill in pediatric radiology where the limitation of both radiation exposure and number of examinations is of paramount importance.Accessible, step-by-step approachCovers the practical aspects of scanning, as well as the role, value and limitations of ultrasound in diagnosing different diseasesWritten at a level suitable for both students and practitioners Front Cover Pediatric Ultrasound Copyright Page Contents Contributors Preface DVD_Licence Agreement Chapter 1: General issues of methods and equipment The Appointment and Appointment Letter The Waiting Area The Examination Choosing Equipment Use of Doppler In Pediatrics Avoidance of Occupational Injury Image Recording and Storage Analogue images Digital images New Applications of Ultrasound Relevant To Pediatrics Safety of Ultrasound Summary References Chapter 2: Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of congenital anomalies Routine Ultrasound Screening for Fetal Malformation The routine fetal anomaly scan Abnormalities in Different Systems Cranial and spinal abnormalities Cardiac abnormalities Pulmonary abnormalities Gastrointestinal abnormalities Urinary tract abnormalities Skeletal abnormalities Hydrops Summary References Chapter 3: The renal tract Embryology Mesonephroi Metanephroi Renal anomalies Anomalies of the upper urinary tract Anomalies of the lower urinary tract Ultrasound preparation and technique Preparation Normal ultrasound appearances Prenatally diagnosed urological abnormalities Prenatal detection of renal pelvic dilation and normal postnatal scan Unilateral pelvic dilation Bilateral renal pelvic dilation Megaureter Multicystic kidney (MCK) Ultrasound and postnatal imaging Posterior urethral valves The duplex kidney General guidelines for referral to Nephrourology Urinary tract infection Imaging urinary tract infection (UTI) Imaging protocol for urinary tract infection Focal nephronia and renal abscess Unusual infections Cystic Kidneys Genetic disease Non-genetic disease The `Bright´ kidney The neonate The older child Renal calculi and nephrocalcinosis Renal calculi Nephrocalcinosis Hypertension in children Imaging Renal Trauma Renal Transplantation in Children Tumors of the kidney Wilms tumor Other renal tumors of childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Summary References Chapter 4: The adrenal glands Normal Appearances and Ultrasound Technique Abnormalities of The Adrenal Glands Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Adrenal hemorrhage Adrenal abscess Adrenal cystic lesions Tumors of The Adrenal Glands Neuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma/neuroma Other childhood adrenal tumors References Chapter 5: The liver, spleen and pancreas Liver The Normal Pediatric Hepatobiliary System Ultrasound technique Normal appearances of the liver Normal appearances of the gallbladder and biliary tree Abnormalities of The Neonatal Liver Hepatomegaly Hemangioma and hemangioendothelioma Liver tumors in the neonate Abnormalities of The Neonatal Biliary System Neonatal jaundice Cystic Dilation of The Biliary System Congenital hepatic fibrosis Caroli disease Choledochal cysts Diffuse Abnormalities of The Pediatric Liver The bright liver Cirrhosis Portal hypertension Hepatitis Veno-occlusive disease Cystic fibrosis Focal Lesions of The Pediatric Liver Benign focal liver lesions Liver tumors Abnormalities of The Gallbladder And Bile Ducts In Childhood Liver Transplantation Summary Spleen The Normal Spleen Congenital Variants Splenomegaly The Small Spleen Focal Splenic Lesions Splenic Trauma Summary Pancreas Congenital Anomalies Normal Anatomy Ultrasound technique The Abnormal Pancreas Cystic fibrosis Other diffuse pancreatic conditions Focal lesions Summary References Chapter 6: The abdomen and bowel Abnormalities Related To Embryological Development Body wall defects Ultrasound Technique Abnormalities of The Gastrointestinal Tract Gastroesophageal reflux Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Stomach conditions Malrotation Enteric duplications Intussusception Appendicitis Bowel wall thickening/infiltrative disorders Anorectal anomalies Cystic abdominal masses Mesentery, Omentum and Peritoneum References Chapter 7: The female reproductive system Embryology Normal Appearances and Ultrasound Technique The ovaries The uterus Congenital Abnormalities The Female Neonate Neonatal pelvic masses Ambiguous genitalia Ovarian cysts Disorders of Puberty Precocious puberty Isolated premature thelarche Isolated premature adrenarche Pubertal delay Menstrual dysfunction in adolescence Ovarian Neoplasms Summary References Chapter 8: The scrotum and testes Embryology Abnormalities of position of the testis Normal Anatomy Ultrasound Technique Congenital Anomalies Cryptorchidism Hernias and hydroceles Varicocele Acutely Painful Scrotum Testicular torsion Epididymo-orchitis and epididymitis Torsion of the appendix testis Microlithiasis Testicular Tumors Primary testicular tumors Secondary neoplasms Benign testicular masses Extratesticular Masses Cystic extratesticular masses Solid extratesticular masses Paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma Scrotal Trauma References Chapter 9: The head, neck and spine The Head Ultrasound technique Timing of the examination Measurements Normal anatomy Intracranial hemorrhage Types of intracranial hemorrhage Classification Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) Hemorrhage in Term neonates Common Congenital Cystic abnormalities Other Congenital Abnormalities Trauma Non-accidental injury Subdural hemorrhages Accidental injury Hydrocephalus Vascular Abnormalities The Neck The thyroid gland Normal anatomy of the thyroid Thyroid embryology and congenital anomalies Ultrasound technique for examination of the neck Diffuse thyroid enlargement Thyroid malignancy Parathyroid glands Neck masses Thyroglossal duct cysts Branchial cleft anomaly Cystic hygroma Congenital torticollis (fibromatosis colli) Cervical lymphadenopathy The thymus Salivary glands Parotid—normal appearances and ultrasound technique Parotid enlargement Tumors of the Head and Neck The Spine Ultrasound technique and normal anatomy Indications for spinal ultrasound Classification of common types of occult spinal dysraphism Occult dysraphism Sacral pit Dorsal dermal sinus Diastematomyelia Spinal lipomas Tight filum terminale Meningocele and myelomeningocele Caudal regression syndrome Traumatic spinal cord lesions in newborns Summary References Chapter 10: The child's eye Anatomy Ultrasound Technique Common Clinical Scenarios Opaque media Eyelids not opening Proptosis Intraocular masses Trauma Miscellaneous Summary Further reading Chapter 11: The musculoskeletal system Technique of scanning muscles and soft tissues Developmental dysplasia of the hip Technique of hip scanning The Graf technique Dynamic sonography Terjesen femoral head coverage General principles Follow-up Osteomyelitis Transient synovitis (irritable hip) Ultrasound technique Aspiration technique Other causes of a painful hip Ultrasound examination Limb-lengthening procedures Abnormalities of the tendons Soft tissue masses References Chapter 12: The chest Technique of ultrasound
examination Juxtadiaphragmatic lesions Masses arising in the chest Diaphragmatic hernias Diaphragmatic movement Masses arising from the diaphragm The mediastinum The thymus Lymphadenopathy The opaque hemithorax Lung abnormalities Pleural fluid Congenital cysts Summary References Chapter 13: Pediatric interventional ultrasound Anesthesia Venous access Technique Venous access sites Complications Biopsy Renal biopsy Liver biopsy Biopsy of other organs Aspiration and drainage of fluid
collections Sclerotherapy of vascular
malformations Urological intervention Other ultrasound-guided
intervention References Glossary Index