The World of Steel: On the History, Production and Use of a Basic Material

Description

The world of steel is constantly evolving and has become astonishingly diverse, indeed so complex that it is not easy to keep track of it in practice. The aim is to give readers an understanding of this world, from steelmaking, ingot and continuous casting, forming and machining to finishing, testing and packaging of the products, the processes and equipment predominantly used throughout, including the environmentally compatible recycling and disposal of waste.      Foreward Preface Contents 1 Systematization of Materials References 2 The Material Steel 2.1 What is Steel? 2.2 The Iron-Carbon Diagram 2.3 Designation System and Classification of Steels 2.4 Selected Steels and Special Materials 2.4.1 Quality Steels 2.4.2 Stainless Steels 2.4.3 Tool Steels (Cold Work, Hot Work, High-Speed Steels) 2.4.4 High-quality Engineering Steels (Hardening, Case Hardening and Nitriding Steels) 2.4.5 Nickel Alloys and Special Materials 2.4.6 Other Steels References 3 Alloying Elements and Steel Properties 3.1 Properties of Steel 3.1.1 Physical Properties 3.1.2 Mechanical-Technical Properties 3.1.3 Technological Properties 3.1.4 Chemical and Technical Properties 3.1.5 Environmental Properties 3.2 Basics of Alloy Technology 3.3 Chemical Elements in Steel and Their Effect on Steel Properties 3.3.1 Gaseous Elements 3.3.2 Solid Elements – Nonmetals 3.3.3 Solid Elements – Semimetals 3.3.4 Solid Elements – Metals 3.3.5 Accompanying or Trace Elements References 4 Steelmaking 4.1 From the History of Steel 4.2 Steel Production 4.2.1 Blast Furnace Converter Route 4.2.2 Other Iron Ore Reduction Methods 4.2.3 Electrical Furnace Steelmaking 4.3 Post-Treatment of Steel 4.3.1 Ladle Metallurgy 4.3.2 Remelting Processes 4.4 Primary Forming/Casting 4.4.1 Basics of Casting Steel 4.4.2 Ingot Casting 4.4.3 Continuous Casting References 5 Forming 5.1 Basics of Metal Forming 5.2 Forming Processes 5.2.1 Forging 5.2.1.1 Basics 5.2.1.2 Open Die Forging 5.2.1.3 Die Forging 5.2.1.4 Coining 5.2.2 Flow pressing 5.2.3 Strand Extruding 5.2.4 Rolling 5.2.4.1 Basics of Rolling 5.2.4.2 Rolling Processes Longitudinal Rolling Cross Rolling Skew Rolling Other Rolling Methods 5.2.5 Deep Drawing 5.2.6 Hydroforming Process 5.2.7 Internal High Pressure Forming 5.2.8 High-Energy Forming 5.2.9 Drawing 5.2.9.1 Wire Drawing 5.2.9.2 Bar Drawing 5.2.9.3 Tube Drawing 5.2.9.4 Roll-Drawing Process 5.2.10 Special Forming Processes 5.2.10.1 Powder Metallurgy 5.2.10.2 Additive Processes (3D Printing) References 6 Heat Treatment of Steel 6.1 Remarks 6.2 Heat Treatment Types 6.2.1 Normalizing 6.2.2 Soft Annealing 6.2.3 Recrystallization Annealing 6.2.4 Diffusion Annealing 6.2.5 Solution Annealing 6.2.6 Stress Relieving Annealing 6.2.7 Hardening 6.2.7.1 Transformation Hardening 6.2.7.2 Tempering 6.2.8 Precipitation Hardening 6.2.9 Cold Hardening 6.2.10 Press Hardening 6.3 Plants for Heat Treatment References 7 Material Testing 7.1 Basics 7.2 Destructive Testing 7.2.1 Tensile Test 7.2.2 Hardness Test 7.2.3 Charpy Impact Test 7.2.4 Analysis Methods for Steel 7.2.4.1 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis 7.2.4.2 Optical Emission Spectrometry 7.2.4.3 Combustion Analysis 7.2.5 Metallography 7.3 Non-Destructive Testing 7.3.1 Ultrasonic Testing 7.3.2 Eddy Current Testing 7.3.3 Visual Inspection 7.3.4 Penetration Test 7.3.5 Magnetic Particle Inspection 7.3.6 Roughness Measurement 7.4 Checking and Measuring References 8 Manufacturing Processes 8.1 Joining 8.1.1 Material-joining 8.1.2 Force-joining 8.1.3 Form-joining 8.1.4 Joining by Pressing, Casting, Forming 8.2 Coating 8.2.1 Non-Metallic Coatings 8.2.2 Metallic Coatings 8.2.2.1 Hot Dip Coating 8.2.2.2 Electroplating 8.2.2.3 Thermal Spraying 8.2.2.4 Vaporization (Sputtering) 8.2.2.5 Plating 8.3 Machining 8.3.1 Basics 8.3.2 Turning 8.3.3 Milling 8.3.4 Planing, Pushing 8.3.5 Peeling 8.3.6 Grinding 8.3.7 Drilling 8.3.8 Electrical Discharge Machining 8.3.9 Fine Machining 8.3.10 Machining Bar Ends 8.4 Cutting 8.4.1 Shear Cutting 8.4.2 Sawing 8.4.3 Cutoff Grinding 8.4.4 Water Jet Cutting 8.4.5 Thermal Cutting References 9 Finishing 9.1 Surface Treatment 9.2 Straightening 9.3 Completion, Packaging and Shipping References 10 By-products and Waste 10.1 Basics 10.2 Exhaust Gas 10.3 Scrap 10.4 Slag 10.5 Other Raw and Waste Materials References 11 Steel in Everyday Life References 12 Steel in the Future References 13 Timeline of Iron and Steel References Glossary Further Reading