Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology for speech and hearing sciences

Description

Contents Preface Acknowledgments Contributors Reviewers About the Authors 1. Introduction and Overview Overview of the Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Developmental Organization Development Terminology Related to Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Terms of Movement Terms of Neuropathology in Speech-Language Pathology Chapter Summary Case Study 1–1 Case Study 1–2 References 2. Neurons and Glial Cells Introduction Neurons Cellular Components of the Soma Gross Structure of the Neuron Soma Dendrites Axons Neuronal Cell Types Classification Based on Number of Dendrites Classification Based on Dendrite Arborization Classification Based on Axon Length Classification Based on Conduction Velocity Classification Based on Functional Connection Glial Cells Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells Radial Glia Satellite Cells and Enteric Glial Cells Ependymal Cells Action Potential The Physical Synapse Stimulation of a Neuron Generating the Action Potential Ion Channels and Gradients Resting State Stimulation Generation of the Action Potential Propagation Communication Across the Synapse Excitation and Inhibition Summation Neurotransmitters Chapter Summary Case Study 2–1 References 3. Basic Reflex and Sensory Function: How We Know the World Introduction The Spinal Reflex Arc Golgi Tendon Organs Other Sensation and Sensors Somatosensors Representation of the Somatic Sensation in the Spinal Cord Special Senses Visual Sensation Olfactory Sensation Gustatory Sensation Auditory Sensation Vestibular Sensors Chapter Summary References 4. Cerebral Cortex Introduction General Structures and Landmarks of the Cerebral Cortex Major Sulci and Fissures Meningeal Linings The Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation of CSF Cell Types of the Cerebral Cortex Layers of the Cerebral Cortex Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe Insula or Insular Cortex Limbic System Medial Surface of the Cerebral Cortex Inferior Surface of the Cerebral Cortex Posterior-Inferior (Ventral) Cerebral Cortex Anterior-Inferior Cerebral Cortex Myelinated Fibers Projection Fibers Corticobulbar and Corticospinal Tracts Corticobulbar Tract Corticospinal Tract Association Fibers Commissural Fibers The Other Half: Hemispheric Specialization Chapter Summary Case Study 4–1 Case Study 4–2 Case Study 4–3 Case Study 4–4 References 5. An atomy of the Subcortex Introduction Basal Ganglia Hippocampus Diencephalon Thalamus Epithalamus Subthalamus Hypothalamus Chapter Summary Case Study 5–1 Case Study 5–2 Case Study 5–3 References 6. An atomy of the Brainstem Introduction Superficial Brainstem Landmarks Superficial Medulla Oblongata Superficial Pons Superficial Midbrain Deep Structures of the Brainstem Deep Structures of the Medulla Oblongata Deep Structures of the Pons Deep Structures of the Midbrain Auditory Pathway Cochlear Nucleus Superior Olivary Complex Inferior Colliculus Lateral Lemniscus Medial Geniculate Body Auditory Reception at Temporal Lobe Efferent Pathways Vestibular Pathway Acoustic Reflex Chapter Summary Case Study 6–1 References 7. The Cranial Nerves Introduction Cranial Nerve Classification General Somatic Afferent (GSA) Nerves Special Somatic Afferent (SSA) Nerves General Visceral Afferent (GVA) Nerves Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) Nerves General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Nerves General Somatic Efferent (GSE) Nerves Specific Cranial Nerves I Olfactory Nerve (SVA) II Optic Nerve (SSA) Eye Movement: III Oculomotor Nerve (GSE, GVE), IV Trochlear Nerve (GSE), Eye Movement: III Oculomotor Nerve (GSE, GVE), IV Trochlear Nerve (GSE), VI Abducens Nerve (GSE) V Trigeminal Nerve (GSA, SVE) VII Facial Nerve (SVE, SVA, GVE) VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve (SSA) Acoustic Branch Vestibular Branch Efferent Component IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve (GSA, GVA, SVA, GVE, SVE) X Vagus Nerve (GSA, GVA, SVA, GVE, SVE) XI Accessory Nerve (SVE) XII Hypoglossal Nerve (GSE) Chapter Summary Case Study 7–1 Case Study 7–2 References 8. Cerebellar Anatomy and Physiology Introduction Structure of the Cerebellum Cellular Structure of the Cerebellum Nuclei of the Cerebellum Fastigial Nucleus Globose and Emboliform Nuclei Dentate Nucleus Tracts Serving the Cerebellum Input to the Cerebellum Vestibulocerebellar Pathways Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract Cuneocerebellar Tract Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract Rostral Spinocerebellar Tract Pontocerebellar Tract Olivocerebellar Tract Cerebellar Peduncles Superior Cerebellar Peduncle Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle Cerebellum and Motor Control Chapter Summary Case Study 8–1 Case Study 8–2 Case Study 8–3 References 9. Spinal Cord and Pathways Introduction Vertical Anatomy of the Spinal Cord Transverse Anatomy of the Spinal Cord Pathways of the Spinal Cord Ascending Pathways Posterior Funiculus: Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus Anterior Funiculus: Anterior and Lateral Spinothalamic Tracts Lateral Funiculus Anterior and Posterior Spinocerebellar Tracts Descending Pathways Pyramidal Pathways Corticospinal Tract Corticobulbar Tract Other Descending Pathways Extrapyramidal System Corticostriate Pathway Corticothalamic Fibers Corticopontocerebellar Fibers Chapter Summary Case Study 9–1 Case Study 9–2 References 10. Cerebrovascular Supply Introduction Carotid Artery Supply External Carotid Artery Supply Internal Carotid Artery Supply Anterior Cerebral Artery Posterior Communicating Artery Middle Cerebral Artery Vertebrobasilar System Vertebral and Basilar Arteries Posterior Cerebral Artery Venous Drainage of the Cerebrovascular Supply Chapter Summary Case Study 10–1 References 11. Neural Control of Speech and Swallowing Introduction Neural Control of Speech Feedback and Correction Models of Speech Production Neural Control of Mastication and Deglutition Development of Swallowing Function Adult Patterns of Mastication and Deglutition Oral Stage Pharyngeal Stage Relaxation of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter Esophageal Stage Reflexes and Their Integration into Central Pattern Generators Oral Stage Reflexes Chewing Reflex Pharyngeal Stage Reflexes Vomit Reflex Cough Reflex Reflexes of Respiration and Apnea Sensation in Mastication and Deglutition Sensation Gustation Olfaction Tactile, Proprioceptive, and Thermal Sensation Complex Motor Responses Chapter Summary Case Study 11–1 Case Study 11–2 Case Study 11–3 Case Study 11–4 References Appendix. Answers to Study Questions Glossary Index