ENGLISH

Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers

Book information

Publisher
Elsevier
Year
2018
ISBN
9780128110379
Language
english
Format
PDF
Filesize
101 MB (106282199 bytes)
Edition
6
Pages
517\517
Time added
2018-08-05 10:11:01

Description

Title Page......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 14 Process Safety Management (PSM)......Page 15 Safe Design Practices......Page 17 Fire Outside the Vessel......Page 19 Blocked-In Line......Page 21 Prevent Backflow......Page 22 Dilution Purging......Page 24 Evacuation-Replacement Purging......Page 25 Causes for Loss of Containment......Page 26 Dust Explosion Hazards......Page 27 References......Page 29 Further Reading......Page 30 Definition of Scope......Page 31 Treatment of Uncertainty and Contingency......Page 32 User Requirements......Page 34 Block Diagrams......Page 35 Basis of Design (BOD)......Page 37 Piping (P&IDs)......Page 39 Factory Assembled Skids and Modules......Page 42 Data Sheets and Specifications......Page 43 Example of a Screening Estimate for a Refinery (From [1], With Permission)......Page 45 Engineering......Page 48 Reference......Page 49 Concepts and Terminology......Page 51 Equipment Design......Page 52 Flow Sheet Simulation-Continuous Process......Page 53 Flow Sheet Simulation-Dynamic Process......Page 55 Discrete Process Simulation......Page 56 Software List......Page 57 References......Page 59 Introduction......Page 61 General Procedure......Page 62 Recommended Velocity......Page 63 Check Valves......Page 66 Equivalent Length......Page 67 Friction Factor......Page 69 Compressible Flow-Isothermal......Page 71 Compressible Flow-Transmission Equations......Page 72 Compressible Flow-Adiabatic......Page 73 Reynolds Number......Page 74 Darcy Friction Factor......Page 75 Pressure Drop Due to Friction......Page 76 Listing......Page 77 Incompressible Flow (Liquids)......Page 85 Control Valves......Page 86 Partially Full Horizontal Pipes......Page 87 Two-Phase Flow......Page 88 Homogeneous Model......Page 89 Comparison of the Two-Phase Models......Page 90 Further Reading......Page 92 Introduction......Page 93 Pressure Vessels and Reactors......Page 94 Time to Drain a Tank......Page 95 Emissions From Storage Tanks......Page 100 Load Cells......Page 101 Vapor-Liquid Separators......Page 102 Liquid Surge Volume......Page 103 Vapor Velocity in the Disengagement Section......Page 104 Horizontal Separator......Page 105 Horizontal Drum With Water Separation......Page 106 Vessel Specifications......Page 107 Storage tank vents......Page 110 Further Reading......Page 111 Blending and Agitation......Page 113 Basics......Page 114 Impeller Types......Page 116 Pumping Number......Page 117 Power and Power Number......Page 118 Blending......Page 119 Newtonian Fluids in Turbulent or Transitional Flow......Page 120 Shear-Thinning Fluids......Page 121 Solids Suspension......Page 122 Terminal Settling Velocity......Page 123 Impeller Speed and Agitator Power......Page 124 Gas Dispersion......Page 128 In-Line Mixers......Page 129 Mixing Solids......Page 130 Torque......Page 131 Shaft Diameter......Page 133 Impeller Weight......Page 134 Critical Speed......Page 135 References......Page 137 Further Reading......Page 138 Centrifugal Pumps......Page 139 Positive Displacement Pumps......Page 140 Good Design Practice......Page 142 Pump Testing......Page 143 System Curves......Page 144 Sensitivity......Page 145 Operating Point-and-Pump Selection......Page 146 Control Valve......Page 148 Charting Control Characteristics......Page 149 Flow Control by Changing the Pump Speed......Page 150 Affinity Laws......Page 152 Temperature Rise......Page 153 Suction System NPSH Available......Page 154 Multiple Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel or Series......Page 155 Further Reading......Page 156 Safety Considerations......Page 157 Compressed Air Systems......Page 158 Compressor Types......Page 159 Surge Control......Page 161 Performance Calculations......Page 163 Affinity Laws......Page 166 Power-Reciprocating Compressor......Page 167 Power-Centrifugal Compressor......Page 168 Power With P-E Diagram......Page 170 References......Page 172 Further Reading......Page 173 Vacuum Units......Page 175 Conversion Between Mass Flow, Actual Volume Flow, and Standard Volume Flow......Page 176 Comparison of Vacuum Equipment......Page 177 Vacuum Jets......Page 178 Dry Vacuum Pumps......Page 180 Steam Supply......Page 181 Measuring Air Leakage......Page 182 Instrumentation and Controls......Page 184 Further Reading......Page 185 Introduction......Page 187 Flow Regimes......Page 188 System Design Procedure......Page 189 Saltation Velocity......Page 191 Pressure Drop......Page 192 Pressure Drop of Carrier Gas......Page 193 Friction of Solids in Elbows......Page 194 Feed Systems......Page 195 Conveyor Piping......Page 197 Disengagement......Page 198 References......Page 199 Cartridge Filters......Page 201 Vacuum Drum Filters......Page 203 Filter Presses......Page 205 Membrane Filters......Page 207 References......Page 209 Heat Exchangers......Page 211 TEMA......Page 212 Selection Guides......Page 213 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers......Page 214 Helical Coil Heat Exchangers......Page 217 Design Recommendations......Page 220 Process Data......Page 223 Heat Exchanger Configuration and Area......Page 224 Determining the LMTD Configuration Correction Factor......Page 225 Tube Side Film Coefficient......Page 226 Shell Diameter......Page 227 Ideal Shell Side Film Coefficient......Page 228 Shell Side Film Coefficient Correction Factors......Page 229 Baffle Leakage Effects, Jl......Page 230 Bundle and Partition Bypass Effects, Jb......Page 231 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient......Page 232 Shell Side Pressure Drop......Page 233 Fouling Resistances......Page 234 Thermal Conductivity of Metals......Page 236 Vacuum Condensers......Page 237 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers: Air Data......Page 238 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers: Thermal Design......Page 239 Air-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient......Page 241 References......Page 243 Further Reading......Page 244 Introduction......Page 245 Selecting the Heat Transfer Fluid......Page 246 Types of Heat Transfer Fluids......Page 247 Heat Transfer Coefficient......Page 248 System Design......Page 249 Temperature Control......Page 253 Case1: Single-Temperature Central System......Page 254 Case3: Three-Temperature Central System......Page 255 Physical Properties of Commercial Heat Transfer Fluids......Page 256 References......Page 265 Introduction......Page 267 Safety Considerations......Page 268 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE)......Page 269 Activity Coefficients......Page 272 Establishing the Column Pressure......Page 274 Dew Point Vapor Feed......Page 275 Minimum Reflux-Multicomponent......Page 276 Minimum Stages......Page 278 Feed Location......Page 279 Graphical Methods-The McCabe-Thiele Diagram......Page 280 Tray Efficiency Rules of Thumb......Page 284 Column Internals-Trays and Packing......Page 285 Tower Diameter-Souders-Brown Correlation......Page 287 Control Schemes......Page 289 Level in the Overhead Receiver......Page 290 Composition Control......Page 291 Reboilers......Page 292 Packed Columns......Page 298 References......Page 305 Further Reading......Page 306 Introduction......Page 307 Safety Considerations......Page 308 Hydrocarbon Absorber Design......Page 309 Inorganic Absorbers......Page 310 Packing Height for Mass Transfer in Packed Columns......Page 312 Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient......Page 314 Further Reading......Page 317 Basic Nomenclature......Page 319 Cascade Control......Page 320 Specifying Instruments to Measure Values......Page 321 Control Ranges......Page 322 Drawing Conventions......Page 323 Artistic Expression......Page 324 Safety Instrumented Systems......Page 325 Enclosures: NEMA and IP......Page 326 Further Reading......Page 329 General Design Considerations......Page 331 System Design Considerations......Page 332 CIP System Design Considerations......Page 333 Disposable System Economic Evaluation......Page 335 Disposable System Environmental Life Cycle Assessment......Page 336 Open or Closed?......Page 337 Human Error (Procedures, Execution)......Page 338 Go for Data......Page 339 Widen the Search......Page 340 Risk Assessment......Page 341 Validation......Page 342 Further Reading......Page 343 Bioreactor Systems......Page 345 Clean Gas Supply to Bioreactors......Page 347 Oxygen Transfer......Page 348 pH Control......Page 350 Downstream Processes......Page 351 Buffer Prep......Page 352 Liquid Waste Inactivation......Page 355 References......Page 358 Introduction......Page 359 Calculating Steam Cost......Page 360 Equivalent Cost of Fuels......Page 361 Steam Traps......Page 362 Energy Efficient Design for Fractionators......Page 363 Pinch Analysis......Page 364 Insulation......Page 366 References......Page 368 Electric Motors......Page 369 Motor Voltages......Page 370 Motors: Efficiency......Page 372 Motors: Useful Equations......Page 376 Hydraulic Motors......Page 378 Gas Turbines: Performance......Page 379 Gas Expanders: Available Energy......Page 380 References......Page 382 Power Plants......Page 385 Controls......Page 386 Thermal Efficiency......Page 387 Steam Drum Stability......Page 388 Water Alkalinity......Page 390 Conductivity Versus Dissolved Solids......Page 391 Waste Heat......Page 394 Boiler Feedwater......Page 397 Blowdown Control......Page 398 References......Page 399 Further Reading......Page 400 Introduction......Page 401 Safety Considerations......Page 402 Material and Energy Balance Calculations......Page 403 Operations and Accessories......Page 405 Scale Prevention......Page 407 References......Page 409 Specifications......Page 411 Horsepower Per Ton......Page 414 Refrigerants......Page 415 Refrigerant Containment......Page 420 Steam Jet Ejectors......Page 421 Ammonia Heat Transfer Coefficient......Page 422 References......Page 425 Introduction......Page 427 Risk Analysis......Page 428 Sustainable Practices......Page 429 Further Reading......Page 430 Embodied Energy......Page 431 Embrittlement......Page 432 Stress-Corrosion Cracking......Page 434 Hydrogen Attack......Page 435 Pitting Corrosion......Page 436 Creep and Creep-Rupture Life......Page 437 Naphthenic Acid Corrosion......Page 439 Thermal Fatigue......Page 440 Abrasive Wear......Page 442 Pipeline Toughness......Page 443 Further Reading......Page 444 General Troubleshooting Approach......Page 445 Diagnostic Tools......Page 447 Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchangers (PHEs)......Page 448 Pinch......Page 450 Cutting Corners......Page 452 Boilup Control......Page 453 Tilted Distributor......Page 454 Hot-Vapor Rules Bypassed......Page 455 Steam Jet Vacuum Systems......Page 456 Refrigeration......Page 460 Further Reading......Page 461 Startup Management......Page 463 Startup Cost......Page 464 Systems Approach......Page 465 Startup Checklists......Page 467 Normal Operation......Page 469 References......Page 472 Atmospheric Pressure......Page 473 References......Page 475 Introduction......Page 477 Approximate Physical Properties......Page 478 Vapor-Pressure Equation......Page 480 Emulsions......Page 482 Relative Humidity......Page 483 Gas Diffusion Coefficients......Page 484 Hydrocarbons in Water......Page 486 Methanol Injection......Page 489 Compressibility Factor......Page 492 Inorganic Gases in Petroleum......Page 493 Foam Density......Page 494 Estimating Equivalent Diameter of Solids......Page 495 Further Reading......Page 498 Appendix A......Page 499 Tank Cleaning......Page 507 C......Page 511 F......Page 512 I......Page 513 P......Page 514 T......Page 515 W......Page 516

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