Physical Chemistry

Description

Ira N. Levine's sixth edition of Physical Chemistry provides students with an in-depth fundamental treatment of physical chemistry. At the same time, the treatment is made easy to follow by giving full step-by-step derivations, clear explanations and by avoiding advanced mathematics unfamiliar to students. Necessary math and physics have thorough review sections. Worked examples are followed by a practice exercise. Table of Contents Chapter 1 THERMODYNAMICS 1.1 Physical Chemistry 1.3 Temperature 1.4 The Mole 1.5 Ideal Gases 1.6 Differential Calculus 1.7 Equations of State 1.8 Integral Calculus 1.9 Study Suggestions 1.10 Summary Chapter 2 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 2.1 Classical Mechanics 2.3 Heat 2.4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 2.5 Enthalpy 2.6 Heat Capacities 2.7 The Joule and Joule–Thomson Experiments 2.8 Perfect Gases and the First Law 2.9 Calculation of First-Law Quantities 2.10 State Functions and Line Integrals 2.12 Problem Solving 2.13 Summary Chapter 3 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 3.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 3.2 Heat Engines 3.3 Entropy 3.4 Calculation of Entropy Changes 3.5 Entropy, Reversibility, and Irreversibility 3.7 What Is Entropy? 3.8 Entropy, Time, and Cosmology 3.9 Summary Chapter 4 MATERIAL EQUILIBRIUM 4.1 Material Equilibrium 4.2 Entropy and Equilibrium 4.3 The Gibbs and Helmholtz Energies 4.4 Thermodynamic Relations for a System in Equilibrium 4.5 Calculation of Changes in State Functions 4.6 Chemical Potentials and Material Equilibrium 4.7 Phase Equilibrium 4.8 Reaction Equilibrium 4.9 Entropy and Life 4.10 Summary Chapter 5 STANDARD THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS OF REACTION 5.1 Standard States of Pure Substances 5.2 Standard Enthalpy of Reaction 5.3 Standard Enthalpy of Formation 5.4 Determination of Standard Enthalpies of Formation and Reaction 5.5 Temperature Dependence of Reaction Heats 5.6 Use of a Spreadsheet to Obtain a Polynomial Fit 5.7 Conventional Entropies and the Third Law 5.8 Standard Gibbs Energy of Reaction 5.9 Thermodynamics Tables 5.10 Estimation of Thermodynamic Properties 5.11 The Unattainability of Absolute Zero 5.12 Summary Chapter 6 REACTION EQUILIBRIUM IN IDEAL GAS MIXTURES 6.1 Chemical Potentials in an Ideal Gas Mixture 6.2 Ideal-Gas Reaction Equilibrium 6.3 Temperature Dependence of the Equilibrium Constant 6.4 Ideal-Gas Equilibrium Calculations 6.5 Simultaneous Equilibria 6.6 Shifts in Ideal-Gas Reaction Equilibria 6.7 Summary Chapter 7 ONE-COMPONENT PHASE EQUILIBRIUM AND SURFACES 7.1 The Phase Rule 7.2 One-Component Phase Equilibrium 7.3 The Clapeyron Equation 7.4 Solid–Solid Phase Transitions 7.5 Higher-Order Phase Transitions 7.6 Surfaces and Nanoparticles 7.7 The Interphase Region 7.8 Curved Interfaces 7.9 Colloids 7.10 Summary Chapter 8 REAL GASES 8.1 Compression Factors 8.2 Real-Gas Equations of State 8.3 Condensation 8.4 Critical Data and Equations of State 8.5 Calculation of Liquid–Vapor Equilibria 8.6 The Critical State 8.7 The Law of Corresponding States 8.8 Differences Between Real-Gas and Ideal-Gas Thermodynamic Properties 8.9 Taylor Series 8.10 Summary Chapter 9 SOLUTIONS 9.1 Solution Composition 9.2 Partial Molar Quantities 9.3 Mixing Quantities 9.4 Determination of Partial Molar Quantities 9.5 Ideal Solutions 9.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Solutions 9.7 Ideally Dilute Solutions 9.8 Thermodynamic Properties of Ideally Dilute Solutions 9.9 Summary Chapter 10 NONIDEAL SOLUTIONS 10.1 Activities and Activity Coefficients 10.2 Excess Functions 10.3 Determination of Activities and Activity Coefficients 10.4 Activity Coefficients on the Molality and Molar Concentration Scales 10.5 Solutions of Electrolytes 10.6 Determination of Electrolyte Activity Coefficients 10.7 The Debye–Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions 10.8 Ionic Association 10.9 Standard-State Thermodynamic Properties of Solution Components 10.10 Nonideal Gas Mixtures 10.11 Summary Chapter 11 REACTION EQUILIBRIUM IN NONIDEAL SYSTEMS 11.1 The Equilibrium Constant 11.2 Reaction Equilibrium in Nonelectrolyte Solutions 11.3 Reaction Equilibrium in Electrolyte Solutions 11.4 Reaction Equilibria Involving Pure Solids or Pure Liquids 11.5 Reaction Equilibrium in Nonideal Gas Mixtures 11.6 Computer Programs for Equilibrium Calculations 11.7 Temperature and Pressure Dependences of the Equilibrium Constant 11.8 Summary of Standard States 11.9 Gibbs Energy Change for a Reaction 11.10 Coupled Reactions 11.11 Summary Chapter 12 MULTICOMPONENT PHASE EQUILIBRIUM 12.1 Colligative Properties 12.2 Vapor-Pressure Lowering 12.3 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation 12.4 Osmotic Pressure 12.5 Two-Component Phase Diagrams 12.6 Two-Component Liquid–Vapor Equilibrium 12.7 Two-Component Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium 12.8 Two-Component Solid–Liquid Equilibrium 12.9 Structure of Phase Diagrams 12.10 Solubility 12.11 Computer Calculation of Phase Diagrams 12.12 Three-Component Systems 12.13 Summary Chapter 13 ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS 13.1 Electrostatics 13.2 Electrochemical Systems 13.3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Systems 13.4 Galvanic Cells 13.5 Types of Reversible Electrodes 13.6 Thermodynamics of Galvanic Cells 13.7 Standard Electrode Potentials 13.8 Liquid-Junction Potentials 13.9 Applications of EMF Measurements 13.10 Batteries 13.11 Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes 13.12 Membrane Equilibrium 13.13 The Electrical Double Layer 13.14 Dipole Moments and Polarization 13.15 Bioelectrochemistry 13.16 Summary Chapter 14 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 14.1 Kinetic–Molecular Theory of Gases 14.2 Pressure of an Ideal Gas 14.3 Temperature 14.4 Distribution of Molecular Speeds in an Ideal Gas 14.5 Applications of the Maxwell Distribution 14.6 Collisions with a Wall and Effusion 14.7 Molecular Collisions and Mean Free Path 14.8 The Barometric Formula 14.9 The Boltzmann Distribution Law 14.10 Heat Capacities of Ideal Polyatomic Gases 14.11 Summary Chapter 15 TRANSPORT PROCESSES 15.1 Kinetics 15.2 Thermal Conductivity 15.3 Viscosity 15.5 Electrical Conductivity 15.6 Electrical Conductivity of Electrolyte Solutions 15.7 Summary Chapter 17 QUANTUM MECHANICS 17.1 Blackbody Radiation and Energy Quantization 17.2 The Photoelectric Effect and Photons 17.3 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 17.4 The de Broglie Hypothesis 17.5 The Uncertainty Principle 17.6 Quantum Mechanics 17.7 The Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation 17.8 The Particle in a One-Dimensional Box 17.9 The Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box 17.10 Degeneracy 17.11 Operators 17.12 The One-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator 17.13 Two-Particle Problems 17.14 The Two-Particle Rigid Rotor 17.15 Approximation Methods 17.16 Hermitian Operators 17.17 Summary Chapter 18 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 18.1 Units 18.2 Historical Background 18.3 The Hydrogen Atom 18.4 Angular Momentum 18.5 Electron Spin 18.6 The Helium Atom and the Spin–Statistics Theorem 18.7 Total Orbital and Spin Angular Momenta 18.8 Many-Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table 18.9 Hartree–Fock and Configuration-Interaction Wave Functions 18.10 Summary Chapter 19 MOLECULAR ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE 19.1 Chemical Bonds 19.2 The Born–Oppenheimer Approximation 19.3 The Hydrogen Molecule Ion 19.4 The Simple MO Method for Diatomic Molecules 19.5 SCF and Hartree–Fock Wave Functions 19.6 The MO Treatment of Polyatomic Molecules 19.7 The Valence-Bond Method 19.8 Calculation of Molecular Properties 19.9 Accurate Calculation of Molecular Electronic Wave Functions and Properties 19.10 Density-Functional Theory (DFT) 19.11 Semiempirical Methods 19.12 Performing Quantum Chemistry Calculations 19.13 The Molecular-Mechanics (MM) Method 19.14 Future Prospects 19.15 Summary Chapter 20 SPECTROSCOPY AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY 20.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 20.2 Spectroscopy 20.3 Rotation and Vibration of Diatomic Molecules 20.4 Rotational and Vibrational Spectra of Diatomic Molecules 20.5 Molecular Symmetry 20.6 Rotation of Polyatomic Molecules 20.7 Microwave Spectroscopy 20.8 Vibration of Polyatomic Molecules 20.9 Infrared Spectroscopy 20.10 Raman Spectroscopy 20.11 Electronic Spectroscopy 20.12 Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Spectroscopy 20.13 Electron-Spin-Resonance Spectroscopy 20.14 Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism 20.15 Photochemistry 20.16 Group Theory 20.17 Summary Chapter 21 STATISTICAL MECHANICS 21.1 Statistical Mechanics 21.2 The Canonical Ensemble 21.3 Canonical Partition Function for a System of Noninteracting Particles 21.4 Canonical Partition Function of a Pure Ideal Gas 21.5 The Boltzmann Distribution Law for Noninteracting Molecules 21.6 Statistical Thermodynamics of Ideal Diatomic and Monatomic Gases 21.7 Statistical Thermodynamics of Ideal Polyatomic Gases 21.8 Ideal-Gas Thermodynamic Properties and Equilibrium Constants 21.9 Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 21.10 Intermolecular Forces 21.11 Statistical Mechanics of Fluids 21.12 Summary Chapter 22 THEORIES OF REACTION RATES 22.1 Hard-Sphere Collision Theory of Gas-Phase Reactions 22.2 Potential-Energy Surfaces 22.3 Molecular Reaction Dynamics xiii 22.4 Transition-State Theory for Ideal-Gas Reactions 892 Table of Contents 22.5 Thermodynamic Formulation of TST for Gas-Phase Reactions 22.6 Unimolecular Reactions 22.7 Trimolecular Reactions 22.8 Reactions in Solution 22.9 Summary Chapter 23 SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS 23.1 Solids and Liquids 23.2 Polymers 23.3 Chemical Bonding in Solids 23.4 Cohesive Energies of Solids 23.5 Theoretical Calculation of Cohesive Energies 23.6 Interatomic Distances in Crystals 23.7 Crystal Structures 23.8 Examples of Crystal Structures 23.9 Determination of Crystal Structures 23.10 Determination of Surface Structures 23.11 Band Theory of Solids 23.12 Statistical Mechanics of Crystals 23.13 Defects in Solids 23.14 Liquids 23.15 Summary BIBLIOGRAPHY Answers to Selected Problems APPENDIX Index