The Shariatisation of Indonesia: The Politics of the Council of Indonesian Ulama

Description

This book is a succinct and critical account on the shariatisation of Indonesia, the largest Muslim country in the world. It comes with an important conclusion that the change of such a non-theocratic state like Indonesia into a theocratic state is highly possible when its law is penetrated by those who want to change the state system. Contents Acknowledgements A Note on Transliterations Abbreviations Chapter 1 The Politics of Shariatisation in Indonesia 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Shariatisation from Local and Global Perspectives 1.3 Shariatisation and Islamisation in Indonesia 1.4 Theoretical Framework 1.5 Methodology, Sources of Research and Structure of the Book Chapter 2 MUI and the History of the Sharia Trajectory in Indonesia 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Shariatisation of MUI and Indonesia’s State Ideology 2.3 Discourse on Indonesia’s State Ideology and MUI’s Response 2.4 The Institutionalisation of the Ulama 2.5 The Genesis of MUI 2.6 Leadership of MUI Senior Ulama 2.7 The Reform Era: The Changing Role of MUI 2.8 Internal Dynamism Chapter 3 A Living Organisation: Pre-existing Conditions and the Organisational Vehicle of Shariatisation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Internal Causes of Shariatisation 3.2.1 From Pancasila to Islam 3.2.2 From Khādim al-Ḥukūma to Khādim al-Umma 3.2.3 From Payung to Tenda Besar 3.3 Institutional Vehicles for Shariatisation 3.3.1 The Fatwa Commission 3.3.1.1 The Soul of MUI 3.3.1.2 Fatwa Issuance Methodology 3.3.1.3 New Conservatism 3.3.2 Lembaga Pengkajian Pangan, Obat-obatan dan Kosmetika (LPPOM, the Institute for Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics Assessment) 3.3.2.1 Pioneer of the Halal Movement in Indonesia 3.3.2.2 National, Regional and International Networks 3.3.2.3 Certification and Labelling 3.3.2.4 Auditing Lawfulness of Goods 3.3.3 Dewan Syariah Nasional (DSN, The National Sharia Board) 3.3.3.1 History of DSN 3.3.3.2 Institutionalising the Sharia Economy and Finance 3.3.3.3 Issuing Fatwa on Economic and Finance Issues 3.3.4 Komisi Hukum dan Perundang-Undangan (The Law and Legislation Commission) 3.3.4.1 Special Legal Envoy 3.3.4.2 Drafting Sharia 3.4 Conclusion Chapter 4 Sharia Activism: Opportunity Structure, Frame, and Mobilisation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Legal and Political Structure of Indonesia 4.2.1 Reformasi as an Open Stage 4.2.2 Divided National Elites 4.2.3 Friends of Shariatisation 4.2.4 A Weak State 4.3 Framing Shariatisation 4.3.1 Al-Amr bi al-Maʿrūf wa al-Nahy ʿan al-Munkar 4.3.2 Ukhuwwa Islāmiyya 4.3.3 Sharia Is the Solution 4.4 The Mobilisation of Sharia 4.4.1 National Congress 4.4.2 The Meeting of Ulama 4.4.3 Congress of the Indonesian Islamic Community 4.4.4 Media and Publications 4.5 Conclusion Chapter 5 Regional Shariatisation: The Presence of MUI in Aceh, Bulukumba and Cianjur 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Aceh 5.2.1 The Ulama Advisory Council (MPU) as Public Sharia Body 5.2.2 Belief and Public Morality 5.2.3 Qanun Jinayat 5.3 Bulukumba, South Sulawesi 5.3.1 Perda Syariah as Public Morality 5.4 Cianjur, West Java 5.4.1 Perda Akhlakul Karimah 5.4.2 Jilbabisasi, Aliran Sesat and Gerakan Pemurtadan 5.5 Conclusion Chapter 6 MUI’s Discourse and Its Relevance for Shariatisation: Case Studies of Fatwa 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Deviant Groups and Islamic Worship 6.2.1 Takfīr 6.2.2 Worship 6.2.3 Public Morality 6.2.4 Proper Islam: Halal Lifestyle and Sharia Economy 6.2.4.1 Halal Lifestyle 6.2.4.2 Sharia Economy 6.3 Compliance and Social Resistance Chapter 7 The Dilemma of Electoral Politics and the Politics of the Umma: MUI’s Trajectory of Shariatisation in the Era of Joko Widodo’s Presidency 7.1 Introduction 7.2 MUI and Electoral Politics 7.2.1 The MUI Fatwa on General Elections 7.2.2 The 2012 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election: MUI and a Muslim Leader as a Must 7.2.3 The 2014 Presidential Elections: MUI and the Polarisation of Indonesian Muslims 7.2.4 The 2017 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election as a Stage of Islamist Mobilisation 7.2.5 The 2019 Presidential Elections: Jokowi’s Reconciliation with MUI through Ma‌ʾruf Amin 7.3 The Umma and Islamic Discourse in Indonesian Conceptualisation 7.3.1 The Politics of the Umma and MUI 7.3.2 The Jokowi Administration 7.3.3 Localising the Identity Politics of the Umma 7.3.4 Populist Shariatisation: Contesting Social and Economic Justice for the Umma 7.4 MUI and Its Political Dilemma 7.4.1 Ma‌ʾruf Amin’s Vice Presidency and MUI Moderatism 7.4.2 The 2020 MUNAS-MUI and Aligning with the Government 7.4.3 Shariatisation in the Public Sphere under the Jokowi Administration 7.4.4 Halal Certification for Covid-19 Vaccines 7.5 Conclusion Chapter 8 Concluding Reflections References Index