Severe Plastic Deformation: Methods, Processing and Properties

Description

Front Matter......Page 1 Severe Plastic Deformation......Page 2 Copyright......Page 3 Introduction......Page 4 I.1 The Ultrafine-Grained and Nanostructured Materials......Page 0 I.2.1 Inert Gas Condensation......Page 8 I.2.2 Spray Conversion Processing......Page 9 I.2.3 Chemical Vapor Condensation......Page 11 I.3.1 High-Energy Ball Milling......Page 12 I.3.2 Physical Vapor Deposition......Page 14 I.3.3 Sputtering......Page 15 I.3.4 Severe Plastic Deformation Methods......Page 17 References......Page 18 1.2 History......Page 21 1.2.1 The Ancient Age......Page 22 1.2.2 The Scientific Age......Page 23 1.2.3 The Microstructural Age......Page 24 1.3 Basic Principles of Severe Plastic Deformation Methods......Page 25 1.4 Difference Between Severe Plastic Deformation and Conventional Metal-Forming Processes......Page 27 1.5 Grain Refinement Mechanisms Under Severe Plastic Deformation Conditions......Page 28 1.5.1 Face-Centered Cubic (fcc) Metals......Page 29 1.5.2 Hexagonal Close-Packed (hcp) Metals......Page 31 References......Page 35 2.1 Introduction......Page 39 2.2 High-Pressure Torsion......Page 40 2.2.1 Incremental High-Pressure Torsion......Page 45 2.2.2 Single-Task Incremental High-Pressure Torsion......Page 46 2.2.3 High-Pressure Torsion Extrusion......Page 48 2.3.1 Conventional ECAP......Page 49 2.3.2 Rotary-Die......Page 52 2.3.3 Side Extrusion......Page 54 2.3.4 Multipass Die......Page 55 2.3.5 Torsional-Equal Channel Angular Pressing......Page 56 2.3.6 ECAP With Back Pressure......Page 57 2.3.7 Expansion ECAP......Page 58 2.3.8 ECAP With Parallel Channels......Page 60 2.3.9 ECAP With Chocked Exit Channels......Page 61 2.3.10 The Different Die Designs......Page 62 2.5 Channel Angular Pressing With Converging Billets......Page 65 2.6 Nonequal Channel Angular Pressing......Page 66 2.7 Torsion Extrusion......Page 67 2.8 Multiple Direct Extrusion......Page 69 2.9 Accumulated Extrusion......Page 70 2.10 Pure Shear Extrusion......Page 71 2.11 Equal Channel Forward Extrusion......Page 73 2.12 C-Shape Equal Channel Reciprocating Extrusion......Page 74 2.13 Twist Extrusion......Page 75 2.13.1 Elliptical Cross-Section Spiral Equal Channel Extrusion......Page 77 2.13.2 Planar Twist Extrusion......Page 78 2.13.3 Axisymmetric Forward Spiral Extrusion......Page 79 2.14 Multidirectional Forging......Page 81 2.14.1 Cyclic Closed Die Forging......Page 82 2.15 Multiaxial Incremental Forging and Shearing......Page 83 2.16 Repetitive Forging......Page 84 2.17 Repetitive Upsetting......Page 85 2.18 Cylinder Covered Compression......Page 86 2.19 Repetitive Upsetting and Extrusion......Page 87 2.20 Cyclic Extrusion–Compression......Page 88 2.21 Cyclic Expansion–Extrusion......Page 90 2.22 Accumulative Back Extrusion......Page 92 2.23 Cyclic Forward–Backward Extrusion......Page 94 2.24 Half-Channel Angular Extrusion......Page 95 2.25 Accumulative Channel-Die Compression Bonding......Page 96 2.26 Machining......Page 97 2.27.1 Integrated ECAP/Extrusion......Page 99 2.27.2 Twist Channel Angular Pressing......Page 100 2.27.4 Cyclic Extrusion Compression Angular Pressing......Page 101 References......Page 103 3.2 Accumulative Roll-Bonding (ARB)......Page 115 3.3 Cone–Cone Method (CCM)......Page 117 3.4 Constrained Groove Pressing (CGP)......Page 118 3.4.2 Rubber Pad-Constrained Groove Pressing (RP-CGP)......Page 121 3.5 Friction Stir Processing (FSP)......Page 122 3.6 Equal Channel Angular Rolling (ECAR)......Page 123 3.7 Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening (RCS)......Page 124 3.8 Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening by Rolling (RCSR)......Page 125 3.10 Continuous Frictional Angular Extrusion (CFAE)......Page 126 3.11 Continuous Cyclic Bending (CCB)......Page 127 References......Page 128 4.1 Introduction......Page 132 4.2 Equal Channel Angular Pressing for Hollow Parts......Page 133 4.3 High-Pressure Tube Twisting......Page 135 4.4 Tube High-Pressure Shearing......Page 136 4.5 Modified High-Pressure Tube Twisting......Page 138 4.6 Accumulative Spin Bonding......Page 139 4.7 Tubular Channel Angular Pressing......Page 142 4.8 Parallel Tubular Channel Angular Pressing......Page 144 4.9 Combined PTCAP......Page 146 4.10 Tube Channel Pressing......Page 148 4.11 Cyclic Flaring and Sinking......Page 150 4.12 Tube Cyclic Extrusion–Compression......Page 152 4.13 Tube Cyclic Expansion–Extrusion......Page 153 4.14 Rubber Pad Tube Straining......Page 154 4.15 Other Combined Methods......Page 157 References......Page 162 5.2 Integrated Extrusion and Equal Channel Angular Pressing......Page 166 5.3 ECAP–Conform......Page 167 5.4 Equal Channel Angular Drawing......Page 168 5.5 ECAP With Rolls......Page 169 5.6 Incremental ECAP......Page 171 5.8 Continuous Confined Strip Shearing......Page 173 5.9 Conshearing......Page 175 5.11 Caliber Rolling......Page 176 5.13 High-Pressure Sliding......Page 178 5.14 Continuous High-Pressure Torsion......Page 179 5.15 Severe Torsion Straining......Page 180 5.16 Integrating Forward Extrusion and Torsion Deformation......Page 181 5.17 KoBo Process......Page 182 5.18 Cryo-Rolling......Page 183 References......Page 184 6.2 Grain Size......Page 188 6.2.1 Equivalent Plastic Strain and Hydrostatic Stress......Page 190 6.3 Dislocations and Disclinations......Page 197 6.4 Grain Boundaries......Page 200 6.4.2 Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Boundaries......Page 201 6.5 Multiphase Materials......Page 205 6.6 Texture......Page 208 6.7 Conclusions......Page 214 References......Page 215 7.2 Superior Strength and Ductility......Page 224 7.3 Mechanical Anisotropy......Page 237 7.4 Young's Modulus......Page 240 7.5 Fracture Toughness......Page 241 7.6 Hardness......Page 242 7.7 Fatigue Properties......Page 244 7.7.1 LCF Resistance......Page 248 7.7.2 HCF Resistance......Page 249 7.8 Wear Resistance......Page 251 7.8.1 Wear Resistance of UFG Al Alloys......Page 253 7.8.3 Wear Resistance of UFG/NG Titanium and Its Alloys......Page 254 References......Page 256 8.1 Electrical Conductivity......Page 259 8.2 Thermal Conductivity......Page 263 8.4 Thermoelectricity......Page 264 8.5 Hydrogen Storage Capability......Page 265 8.6 Magnetic Properties......Page 266 8.7 Corrosion......Page 267 8.8 Biocorrosion......Page 268 8.9 Biocompatibility......Page 269 8.10 Cryogenic Properties......Page 272 References......Page 273 9.1.1 Titanium Implants......Page 275 9.1.2 Biodegradable Mg Implants......Page 280 9.2 Structural Examples......Page 284 9.3 Hydrogen Storage Capacity of Nanostructured Mg Alloys......Page 286 9.4 Sputtering Targets for the Semiconductor Industry......Page 288 9.5 Superplastic Properties......Page 289 9.6 Military Applications......Page 292 9.7 Sport......Page 293 9.8 Microforming......Page 295 9.9 Nanostructured Magnets......Page 299 9.10 Nanostructured Al and Cu Alloys With High Conductivity and Strength......Page 300 9.11 UFG Metals for Semisolid Forming......Page 301 References......Page 303 Index......Page 307