Nuclear- and Radiochemistry: Volume 2 Modern Applications

Description

Nuclear chemistry represents a vital field of basic and applied research. Modern applications cover, for example, fundamental aspects of energetics and high-sensitive, high-selective and non-destructive analytical technologies. Nuclear chemistry and radiopharmaceutical chemistry are increasingly used to bridge pharmaceutical and medical research with state-of-the-art non-invasive molecular diagnosis as well as with patient-individual treatment. While volume I on Introduction to Nuclear Chemistrydescribes the origin of unstable atoms and their pathways to stabilize, this volume II illustrates the spectrum of modern applications of nuclear and radiochemistry. In various chapters, leading scientists address -the measurement of radiation, -the dosimetric action of radioactive radiation and radiation safety -nuclear dating -elemental analysis by neutron activation, -radiation mass spectroscopy and chemicals speciation, -radiochemical separations, -applications of radiochemistry to life sciences, -the chemistry of radioelements: Tc and At, actinides and the transactinides -fundamentals of modern nuclear energy. State-of-the-art literature to teach the modern applications of nuclear chemistry. Recent knowledge presented by leading experts. Preface Contents List of contributing authors 1 Radiation measurement 1.1 Physical basis of radiation detection 1.2 Interactions of charged particles with matter 1.3 Radiation detectors 1.4 Active systems for radiation detection 1.5 Passive systems for radiation detection 1.6 Applications of radiation detectors 1.7 Environmental and individual monitoring 1.8 Outlook 1.9 References 1.10 Suggested reading 2 Radiation dosimetry 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Radiation dose concepts 2.3 Examples 2.4 Effective doses from natural and artificial sources 2.5 Outlook 2.6 References 3 Elemental analysis by neutron activation – NAA 3.1 History 3.2 Principle of neutron activation analysis 3.3 Quantitative element determination 3.4 Fission reactors as neutron sources for neutron activation analysis 3.5 Applications of Neutron Activation Analysis 3.6 Outlook 3.7 References 4 Radioisotope mass spectrometry 4.1 Introduction – long-lived radioisotopes, origin and relevance 4.2 Radioisotope mass spectrometry 4.3 Components of radioisotope mass spectrometry 4.4 Individual systems of RMS 4.5 Outlook 4.6 References 5 Nuclear dating 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Environmental radionuclides 5.3 Dating with a single radionuclide 5.4 Accumulation dating with a radioactive parent and a stable daughter 5.5 Accumulation dating with a radioactive parent and a radioactive daughter 5.6 Dating with nuclides emitted during nuclear weapons testing and nuclear accidents 5.7 Fission tracks 5.8 Thermoluminescence dating 5.9 Outlook 5.10 References 6 Chemical speciation of radionuclides in solution 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Absorption spectroscopy (UV-VIS, LPAS) 6.3 X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) 6.4 Liquid-liquid extraction 6.5 Capillary electrophoresis (CE) 6.6 Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI) 6.7 Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) 6.8 Infrared (IR) vibration spectroscopy 6.9 Raman spectroscopy 6.10 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 6.11 Fluorescence spectroscopy 6.12 Colloid detection 6.13 Field flow fractionation (FFF) 6.14 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 6.15 Outlook 6.16 References 7 Radiochemical separations 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Precipitation and co-precipitation 7.3 Liquid-liquid extraction 7.4 Solid phase-based ion exchange 7.5 Thin layer chromatography/high performance liquid chromatography 7.6 Electrodeposition/electrophoresis/electromigration 7.7 Volatilization/sublimation/evaporation 7.8 Hot atom chemistry/Szillard–Chalmers-type separations 7.9 Outlook 7.10 References 8 Radioelements: Actinides 8.1 Introduction 8.2 General properties of the actinides 8.3 The elements: Discovery, availability, properties, and usage 8.4 Recommended reading 9 Radioelements: Transactinides 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The concept of the “Island of Stability of Superheavy Elements” 9.3 The discovery of the transactinide elements 9.4 Naming of new elements 9.5 Synthesis and nuclear properties of superheavy elements 9.6 Relativistic effects and the Periodic Table of the Elements 9.7 Methods for experimental chemical studies of transactinide elements 9.8 Chemical properties of the transactinide elements 9.9 Outlook 9.10 References 10 Nuclear energy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Relevant basic physics 10.3 Evolution of nuclear power reactors 10.4 Main components of a nuclear power reactor 10.5 Common power reactor types 10.6 The fuel cycle 10.7 Radionuclide generation in nuclear reactors 10.8 Some chemical aspects in nuclear reactors 10.9 Research reactors 10.10 Suggested reading 10.11 References 11 Life sciences: Isotope labeling with tritium and carbon-14 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Labeling strategies 11.3 Labeling with tritium 11.4 Labeling with carbon-14 11.5 Outlook 11.6 Further Reading 11.7 References 12 Life sciences: Nuclear medicine diagnosis 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The tracer principle 12.3 Radionuclides for noninvasive molecular imaging 12.4 Molecular imaging: Tomography 12.5 Molecular imaging: Concepts 12.6 Radiopharmaceutical chemistry for molecular imaging 12.7 Radiopharmaceuticals for molecular imaging 12.8 Outlook 12.9 Further reading 13 Life sciences: Therapy 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Historical background 13.3 Classifications 13.4 “Therapeutic” particles and corresponding radionuclides 13.5 LET and ionization 13.6 Selected radiotherapeutics 13.7 Outlook 13.8 References Symbols and abbreviations Index