The Evolution of the Political, Social and Economic Life of Cyprus, 1191-1950

Description

The book examines the evolution of the political, social and economic life of Cyprus from its conquest by Richard the Lionheart to the 1950 referendum on Enosis. Even with such a long period, around 900 years, the interest in controlling the island becomes clear given its particularly advantageous geographical position between Europe, Africa and Asia. Undoubtedly, Cyprus has always been an important centre for military and economic activity in the wider region. This book provides an interdisciplinary approach which combines history, political science, sociology, international relations and economics. It will be of interest to academics in Economic History, Middle-Eastern Studies, Mediterranean Studies and researchers in general, as well as anyone interested in political theory and the role of the state in particular. Contents List of Maps 1 Introduction 2 From Richard the Lionheart to the Occupation of Cyprus by the Ottomans 1 The Occupation of Cyprus by Richard the Lionheart 2 The Period of Domination of the Lusignans 3 The Crisis of Frankish Rule 4 The Period of Venetian Rule (1474–1571) 5 On the Fall of the Venetians 6 Conclusion References 3 The Ottoman Period (1571–1878) 1 The Organization of Production in Cyprus and the Economic Condition of the Rayah 2 Administration 3 Population Movement 4 The First Insurrections (1578–1668) 5 The Crisis of the Asiatic Mode of Production in the Ottoman Empire 6 The Role of the Church from the Mid-Seventeenth Century Onwards 7 The Βoyacioglou Insurrection and the Administrative Reforms Resulting from it 8 The Reforms of 1754 9 The Role of the Church as Landowner and Economic Agent 10 Insurrections in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 11 The Events of 1821, the Emergence of Greek National Identity and the Participation of Cypriots in the Greek Revolution The Events of 1821 in Cyprus Questions of National Identity The Issue of National Identity of Orthodox Cypriots The Overall Issue of Greek National Identity and Its Elaboration The Participation of Cypriots in the Greek Revolution 12 Administrative Changes and Social Reactions in the 1830–1839 Period 13 The Nineteenth Century Reforms in the Ottoman Empire (Tanzimat, Ηatt-i Ηumayun) as By-product of the Severe Economic Crisis The Economic and Geomilitary Crisis The Reforms of Tanzimat (Reorganization) The Hatt-i Humayun (Autonomy Charter) 14 The Shaping of the Emergent Cypriot Bourgeois Class 15 The Emergence and the Transformation of the Differences between the Two Communities 16 Conclusion References 4 The First Period of British Administration: 1878–1939 1 On the Act of Cession of Cyprus from the Ottomans to the British 2 The Institutional and Political Context of Governing Cyprus Prior to the Revolt of 1931 3 Education 4 Τhe Institutional Context for Local Government The Cities The Villages 5 The Initial Forms of Capitalist Economic Growth 6 The Internal Conflicts Within the Hegemonic Groups of Greek Cypriots The Overall Context Historical Development 7 The First Phase in the Emergence of the Turkish National Identity (1878–1912) 8 The Debate on Enosis Between Greeks and Turks Inside the Legislative Council: The General and Specific Context 9 The British Offers of Cession of Cyprus to Greece in 1912 and 1915 The 1912 Offer The 1915 Offer 10 The Enosis demand in the 1920s 11 Conclusion References 5 The 1931 Revolt and Its Consequences 1 The Overall Context 2 The Issue of the Socio-Economic Inequalities in Rural Areas and the Special Role of the Creditors 3 Socio-Economic Inequalities Between Workers in the Urban Centres 4 The Burdens of Taxation and the Particular Significance of the Tribute of Cyprus 5 The Consequences of the Economic Crisis of 1929 6 The Fiscal Question 7 The Political Representation of the Two Communities The Creation of the EOK (National Organization of Cyprus) The Position of the Turkish Cypriots in the Overall Conjuncture and the Creation of the Turkish National Council of Cyprus 8 Details of the Revolt 9 The Stance of the Communist Party of Cyprus (ΚΚΚ) 10 The Stance of the Turkish Cypriots 11 The Stance of the Greek Government 12 The Consequences of the Revolt 13 The Change in the Power Structure and the Schism Within the Two Communities 14 Beyond the Consequences of the Revolt. Growth of the Cypriot Economy and the Transition from Agrarian Power Coalition to Capitalist Hegemony 15 Conclusion References 6 From the Second World War to the 1950 Referendum on Enosis 1 The Second World War 2 A Brief Reference to the New Stance of the Communist Party of Cyprus (KKK) on the Question of Enosis 3 The 1943 Local Elections 4 The Founding of the Cyprus National Party and the Formation of the Cyprus Workers’ Confederation 5 The Question of Enosis and the Political Controversies Inside the Greek Community in the 1943–1945 Period 6 The 1946 Local Elections 7 The Twin Elections for the Archiepiscopate 8 The Stance of the Turkish Cypriots 9 The Deliberations of the British, Organization of the 1947 Consultative Assembly and Its Aftermath 10 AKEL After the Consultative Assembly 11 The Sharpening of the Undeclared Civil War After the Failure of the Consultative Assembly, up to the Municipal Elections of 1949 The Strikes of 1948 Other Aspects of the Undeclared Civil War The 1949 Municipal Elections 12 The Enosis Issue from the End of the Consultative Assembly to the 1950 Referendum 13 Brief Presentation of the Developments After the Referendum 14 Conclusion References 7 Conclusion Reference Bibliography Index