Physical Activity and Bariatric Surgery

Description

Hypocaloric diet and physical exercise are the first therapeutic steps in the treatment of obesity. In morbidly obese patients, physical activity is essential to optimise their preparation for bariatric surgery. But physical activity is essential even after surgery, to avoid loss of muscle mass and the deriving complications. The aim of this book is to present the most current evidence of the effect different physical activity programs on morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. Written by experts in the field, the book will be a useful tool for all health professionals interested in learning more on this disabling condition. Preface Contents Part I: Preoperatory Chapter 1: Relationship of Sedentary Lifestyle with Obesity and Comorbidities 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Definition of Obesity 1.3 Epidemiology of Obesity 1.4 Obesity in the Childhood 1.4.1 Specific Metabolic Diseases 1.5 Obesity and Sedentary Lifestyle 1.6 Sedentary Lifestyles and Culture 1.7 Cognitive Function Associated to Obesity and Sedentary Life 1.8 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Types of Physical Activity 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Physical Activity and Health 2.3 Classification of Types of Exercise References Chapter 3: Level of Physical Activity in the Morbidly Obese Patient 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Intensity 3.3 Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness 3.4 Influence of Sleep Quality on Adaptations 3.5 Motivation, Barriers and Training Preferences 3.6 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Physical Activity and Body Composition 4.1 Introduction 4.2 How to Measure Body Composition? 4.2.1 Skin Fold Thickness and Circumferences 4.2.2 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry 4.2.3 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis 4.2.4 Other 4.3 Obesity and Sarcopenia 4.4 Body Composition in Bariatric Surgery References Chapter 5: Preoperative Physical Activity and Nutrition 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Initial Evaluation 5.3 Deficiencies 5.4 Barriers 5.5 Pre-surgical Mental Health Assessment 5.6 Pre-surgical Nutritional Management 5.7 Advices References Chapter 6: Benefit of Physical Activity before Surgery: Improvement of Comorbidities and Reduction of Operative Risk 6.1 Operative Complications of Bariatric Surgery 6.2 Bariatric Surgery Complications-Related Factors 6.2.1 Obesity-Related Comorbidities 6.2.2 Physical Fitness 6.2.2.1 Body Composition 6.2.2.2 Cardiorespiratory Fitness 6.2.2.3 Muscular Strength and Functional Capacity 6.3 Surgical Stress 6.3.1 Surgical Stress and Physical Fitness 6.4 Baseline Characteristics of Bariatric Patients 6.5 Physical Prehabilitation 6.6 Conclusions References Chapter 7: Preoperative Physical Activity Programs 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Endurance-Based Physical Activity Programs 7.3 Resistance-Based Physical Activity Programs 7.4 Physical Activity Programs Based on Concurrent Training 7.5 Tips for Training with Bariatric Surgery Candidates References Part II: Postoperative Chapter 8: Postoperative Physical Activity in the Bariatric Surgery Patient 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Advices Before Starting a Physical Activity Program After Bariatric Surgery 8.3 Clinical and Physical Postoperative Evaluations 8.3.1 Anthropometric Variables 8.3.2 Blood Pressure 8.3.3 Battery of Physical Fitness Tests 8.4 Model of Postoperative Physical Activity Program 8.4.1 Warm-Up Phase 8.4.2 Strength Exercises 8.4.3 Endurance Training 8.4.4 Hydration Phase 8.4.5 Cooldown Phase 8.4.6 Follow-Up 8.5 Physical Activity Planning After Bariatric Surgery 8.5.1 Physical Activity During the First Month [6] 8.5.2 Physical Activity from the Second to the Sixth Month 8.5.3 Physical Activity from the Sixth Month 8.6 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Postoperative Physical Activity and Nutrition 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nutrition 9.2.1 Nutritional Modifications for GI Symptoms: Dumping Syndrome, Flatulence, Diarrhea 9.2.2 Long Life Supplementation (Micronutrients/Vitamins) 9.3 Physical Activity References Chapter 10: When to Start Postoperative Physical Activity? 10.1 Introduction 10.2 ERAS Protocols on Physical Activity in Bariatric Surgery Patients 10.3 When to Start Physical Activity Programs? 10.4 Risk of Early Start of Physical Activity 10.5 Summary References Chapter 11: Physical Activity and Abdominal Wall Complications (Hernias) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Physiopathology of Incisional Wall Hernias 11.3 Abdominal Wall Hernias After Bariatric Surgical Procedures: Incidence and Epidemiology 11.4 Risk Factors for the Development of Abdominal Wall Hernia in Obese Patients 11.5 Physical Activity and Abdominal Wall Hernias After Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery 11.6 Obese Patients with Ventral Hernia Before Bariatric Surgery. When Is the Best Moment for Surgical Repair? 11.7 Conclusion References Chapter 12: Effect of Physical Activity After Bariatric Surgery on Weight Loss and Improvement of Comorbidities in the Short and Long Term 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Recent Evidence Related to Physical Activity After Bariatric Surgery 12.3 Conclusions References Chapter 13: Physical Activity and Alterations of Bone Metabolism and Sarcopenia 13.1 Sarcopenia: Advancing a Context-Based Definition 13.2 Osteosarcopenia: Deepening the Muscle–Bone Relationship 13.3 Physical Exercise as an Integral Intervention References Chapter 14: Types of Recommended Physical Activity 14.1 Introduction to the Management of the Patient with Severe Obesity 14.2 Functional Limitation for Clinical Exercise in the Obese Patient 14.3 Recommendations of Physical Exercise for the Post-Bariatric Patient 14.4 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Implementation of Controlled Physical Activity Programs 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Profile of Bariatric Patient 15.3 Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery: Its Benefits and Effects 15.4 The Importance of a Supervised Training Program After Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery 15.5 Components and Implementation of a Controlled Program 15.5.1 Professional in Charge of the Controlled Exercise Program 15.5.2 When to Start a Controlled Exercise Program? 15.5.3 Duration of the Controlled Exercise Program 15.5.4 Assessment 15.5.5 Exercise Prescription 15.5.5.1 Phase 1: Neuromuscular Adaptation 15.5.5.2 Phase 2: Hypertrophy 15.5.5.3 Phase 3: Muscle Power 15.5.5.4 Phase 4: Energy Expenditure 15.6 Follow-Up as Part of a Supervised Program References Untitled Chapter 16: Physical Activity Within ERAS 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Postoperative Early Mobilization Within ERAS Protocols 16.3 Recommendations of Physical Activity for the Long-Term Follow Up Within ERAS Protocols 16.4 Physical Prehabilitation References