Atlas of Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging

Description

ATLAS OF Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging Comprehensive and up-to-date resource on the interpretation of diagnostic images in small animals using survey radiographs and other modalities Atlas of Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging provides a comprehensive, multimodality atlas of small animal diagnostic imaging, with high-quality images depicting radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Taking a traditional body systems approach, the book offers an image-intensive resource to survey radiographs with some other imaging modalities being used to emphasize interpretation of survey radiographs. The Atlas offers clinically relevant information for small animal practitioners and students. Each body structure is thoroughly covered and well-illustrated, with discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of each modality in various scenarios. Edited by three experienced radiographers, The Atlas of Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging contains information on: Basics of diagnostic imaging, physics of diagnostic imaging, CT and MRI physics, US physics, and nuclear medicine physics Musculoskeletal normal anatomic variants, developmental orthopedic disease, joint disease, fracture and fracture healing, aggressive bone disease, and head and spine imaging Thorax anatomy, variants, and interpretation paradigm, extrathoracic structures, pleural space, pulmonary parenchyma, and mediastinum Abdomen anatomy, variants, and interpretation paradigm, extra-abdominal and body wall, peritoneal and retroperitoneal, liver and biliary, and spleen With its expansive coverage of the subject and hundreds of high-quality images to aid in efficient and seamless reader comprehension, Atlas of Small Animal Diagnostic Imaging is an invaluable and must-have resource for small animal practitioners, veterinary students, veterinary radiologists, and specialists in a number of areas. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Contributors Acknowledgments Preface About the Companion Website Section I Introduction and Physics CHAPTER ONE The Science, Art, and Philosophy of Radiographic Interpretation Introduction Why Radiographs? Imaging Findings as Tests Describing Abnormalities: Roentgen Signs General Interpretation Concepts Organizing Information/Abnormalities Pitfalls of Interpretation Framing Bias Confirmation Bias Satisfaction of Search Availability Bias Inattention Bias Conclusion References CHAPTER TWO Physics of Diagnostic Imaging Overview: Uses and Advantages Basics of X-Ray Interaction in Matter Coherent Scattering (Figure 2.4) Photoelectric Effect (Figure 2.5) Compton Scattering (Figure 2.6) Radiation Safety Digital Radiography Limitations References CHAPTER THREE Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Overview Computed Tomography Overview: Uses and Advantages Contrast Basic Physics MPR Reconstructions and 3D Renderings Gated Studies Safety Limitations PET-CT Magnetic Resonance Imaging Overview Basic Principles Image Formation Safety References CHAPTER FOUR Ultrasonography Overview: Uses and Advantages Basic Physics and Principles of Ultrasound in Diagnostic Imaging Interaction of Sound Waves in the Tissues Transducer Elements and Characteristics Image Formation Artifacts Doppler Ultrasound Ultrasound-Specific Contrast Agents Ultrasound Safety Further Reading CHAPTER FIVE Nuclear Scintigraphy Overview Basic Physics Uses and Advantages Safety Limitations Positron Emission Tomography References Section II Musculoskeletal CHAPTER SIX Anatomy, Variants, and Interpretation Paradigm Overview Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton: Basic Radiography Principles and Anatomy Appendicular Skeleton: Advanced Imaging Appendicular Skeleton: Anatomic Variants or Easily Confused Anatomy Head Head: Basic Radiography Principles and Anatomy Head: Advanced Imaging Head: Anatomic Variants or Easily Confused Anatomy Axial Skeleton Axial Skeleton: Basic Radiography Principles Vertebral Development and Normal Anatomy Axial Skeleton: Advanced Imaging Axial Skeleton: Anatomic Variants or Easily Confused Anatomy References CHAPTER SEVEN Developmental Orthopedic Disease Introduction Dysplasia Hip Dysplasia Elbow Dysplasia Temporomandibular Joint Dysplasia Osteochondrosis Etiology Pathogenesis Radiographic Assessment and Indicators Miscellaneous Diseases Panosteitis Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (Metaphyseal Dysplasia) Retained Cartilage Core Angular Limb Deformities Secondary to Premature Closure of the Physis Physeal Fractures Incomplete Ossification of the Humeral Condyle and Humeral Condylar Fractures Ununited Medial Humeral Epicondyle Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head Feline Femoral Neck Metaphyseal Osteopathy and Spontaneous Femoral Capital Physeal Fracture Septic Metaphysitis Multiple Cartilaginous Exostosis Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia Cranial Mandibular Osteopathy and Calvarial Hyperostosis References CHAPTER EIGHT Imaging of Joint and Tendon Diseases Introduction Choice of Modality Degenerative Joint Disease Radiographic Findings of Degenerative Joint Disease Swelling Osteophytes Enthesophytes Joint Collapse Subchondral Sclerosis Subchondral Resorption, Cysts Degenerative Joint Disease of Specific Joints Coxofemoral Joint Elbow Stifle Phalanges Degenerative Changes to Nonsynovial Joints Joint-Associated Neoplasia Septic Arthritis Immune-Mediated Arthritis Luxations/Subluxations Fractures Involving Joints Sesamoid Diseases Other Joint Diseases Synovial Osteochondromatosis Imaging of Tendons/Ligaments Strains/Sprains Biceps Tendon and Supraspinatus Tendon Iliopsoas Tendon Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon Carpal Palmar Fibrocartilage Collateral Ligaments Patellar Ligament Abductor Pollicis Longus References CHAPTER NINE Fractures and Fracture Healing Introduction Radiographic Examination of Fractures Fracture Description and Classification Unique Fractures Normal Fracture Healing and Expected Radiographic Changes Radiographic Assessment of Orthopedic Implants and Bone Healing Complications of Fracture Healing References CHAPTER TEN Aggressive Bone Disease Introduction Radiographic Features of Bone Disease Zone of Transition Increased Mineral Opacity and Periosteal Proliferation Osteolysis Differentials for Aggressive Bone Disease Primary Osseous Neoplasia Neoplasia of the Axial Skeleton Periarticular Neoplasia Metastatic and Multicentric Neoplasia Involving Bone Benign Bone Tumors Osteomyelitis Bacterial Osteomyelitis Implant-Associated Infections Sequestrum Formation Fungal Osteomyelitis Protozoal Osteomyelitis Differentiating Neoplasia from Osteomyelitis References CHAPTER ELEVEN Imaging of the Head Choice of Modality Imaging Protocols Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound Specific Diseases of the Head/Skull Nasal Diseases Retrobulbar Diseases Trauma Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Pharyngeal/Laryngeal Diseases Nasopharyngeal Polyps Pharyngeal/Laryngeal Neoplasia Pharyngeal/Laryngeal Foreign Bodies Nasopharyngeal Stenosis Pharyngeal Collapse Epiglottic Retroversion Laryngeal Paralysis Dental and Oral Disorders Neoplasia Periodontal/Endodontal Disease Trauma Salivary Diseases Thyroid Disorders Parathyroid Disorders External/Middle/Inner Ear Disease Brain Imaging Other Tumors of the Head Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma Carotid Body Tumor/Paraganglioma Other Miscellaneous Disorders Masticatory Muscle Myositis Craniomandibular Osteopathy Calvarial Hyperostosis References CHAPTER TWELVE Imaging of the Spine Introduction Modalities for Imaging the Spine Radiography Myelography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Congenital Vertebral Disorders Atlantoaxial Subluxation Transitional Vertebrae Hemivertebrae Block Vertebra Facet Dysplasia Spina Bifida Uncommon, Diffuse Bone Diseases Osteosclerosis Congenital Hypothyroidism Osteogenesis Imperfecta Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Intervertebral Disc Diseases Discospondylitis Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Herniation Survey Radiography of Disc Disease Myelography for Intervertebral Disc Disease CT and CT Myelography of Intervertebral Disc Disease MRI for Intervertebral Disc Disease Spondylosis Deformans Spinal Osteoarthritis Cervical Spondylomyelopathy Spinal Fractures and Traumatic Subluxation/Luxation Vertebral Neoplasia Intradural Spinal Cord Diseases Spinal Cord Tumors Spinal Inflammatory Diseases Spinal Cord Vascular Incidents Arachnoid Diverticulum References Section III Thorax CHAPTER THIRTEEN Anatomy, Variants, and Interpretation Paradigm Overview Thoracic Radiographs – Basic Principles Thoracic Radiographic Anatomy Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Thorax Feline Thorax Variations of Thoracic Anatomy Extrathoracic Structures Pleural Space Pulmonary Parenchyma The Mediastinum – Cranial The Mediastinum – Middle The Mediastinum – Caudal Interpretation Paradigm References CHAPTER FOURTEEN Extrathoracic Structures Overview Thoracic Limbs Thoracic Wall, Vertebral Column, Ribs, and Sternum Diaphragm Cranial Abdomen Summary Reference CHAPTER FIFTEEN Pleural Space Overview Pleural Anatomy and Physiology Abnormalities of the Pleural Space Pleural Effusion Pneumothorax Extrapleural Sign and Pleural Mass(es) Summary References CHAPTER SIXTEEN Pulmonary Parenchyma Overview Warnings and Obstacles Anatomy and Physiology Atelectasis Interpretation Paradigm Airspace and Bronchocentric Disease: an Alternative Approach Tying It All Together References CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Mediastinum Normal Anatomy Normal Radiographic Anatomy Mediastinal Abnormalities and Disorders Mediastinal Shift Mediastinal Fluid Accumulation Mediastinal Masses and Lymphadenopathy Pneumomediastinum Esophagus Megaesophagus Esophageal Stricture Esophageal Foreign Body Esophageal Mass Hiatal Abnormalities Trachea Tracheal Collapse Tracheal Stenosis Tracheal Hypoplasia Diffuse Tracheal Narrowing Tracheal Foreign Body Tracheal Mass Tracheal Trauma (Rupture/Tear/Avulsion/Perforation) References CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Cardiovascular System Introduction Normal Anatomy Radiographic Evaluation Echocardiography Alternative Imaging Modalities Interpretation Paradigm of The Cardiac Structures in Diagnostic Imaging Is the Cardiac Silhouette Large, Small or Normal in Size? Is Cardiomegaly Due to Left- or Right-Sided Enlargement or Generalized as with Pericardial Disease? Are the Pulmonary Vessels Enlarged? Is There Evidence of Enlargement of the Great Vessels? Is There Radiographic Evidence of Left- or Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure? Congenital Cardiovascular Diseases Left to Right Shunting Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Right to Left Shunting PDA Subaortic Stenosis (SAS) Pulmonic Stenosis (PS) Tricuspid Valve Dysplasia (TVD) Mitral Valve Dysplasia (MVD) Left to Right Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Tetralogy of Fallot Left to Right Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Mitral Valve Stenosis (MS) Cor Triatriatum Sinistrum/Cor Triatriatum Dextrum Persistent Right Aortic Arch (PRAA) Aortic Coarctation Congenital Pericardial Disease Acquired Cardiovascular Diseases Degenerative Valvular Diseases Myocardial Diseases Neoplastic Heart Diseases Pericardial Diseases Pulmonary and Systemic Hypertension Summary References CHAPTER NINETEEN Feline Thorax Overview Feline Thorax Interpretation Paradigm Extrathoracic Structures Pleural Space Pulmonary Parenchyma and Anatomy Mediastinum Extrathoracic Abnormalities Pleural Space Abnormalities Pulmonary Parenchymal Abnormalities Mediastinal Abnormalities Diseases of the Cardiac Silhouette Tying It All Together (Compartmental and Multicompartmental Disease) References Section IV Abdomen CHAPTER TWENTY Anatomy, Variants, and Interpretation Paradigm Introduction Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Gastrointestinal Tract Stomach Small Intestine Colon Pancreas Biliary System Liver Spleen Adrenal Glands Kidneys Urinary Bladder Urethra Prostate Ovaries Uterus Lymph Nodes Abdominal Vasculature Aorta Caudal Vena Cava Portal Vein Summary References CHAPTER TWENTY ONE Extraabdominal Structures and the Abdominal Body Wall Introduction Body Wall Anatomy Hernias Masses Summary References CHAPTER TWENTY TWO The Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Space Normal Anatomy Imaging Findings Serosal Margin Detail in the Normal Patient Causes of Altered Serosal Margin Detail Summary References CHAPTER TWENTY THREE Hepatobiliary Imaging Introduction Normal Anatomy Characterizing Hepatic Abnormalities Generalized Hepatomegaly Focal Hepatomegaly Microhepatia Summary References CHAPTER TWENTY FOUR Spleen Introduction Focal Splenic Changes Primary and Secondary Neoplasia Nodular Hyperplasia Hematoma Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Abscess Splenic Thrombosis Infarction Myelolipomas Mineralization Diffuse Splenic Changes Splenomegaly Torsion Primary and Secondary Neoplasia Immune-Mediated Disease Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Bacterial, Fungal or Parasitic Infection Summary References CHAPTER TWENTY FIVE Gastrointestinal Tract Introduction Diagnostic Imaging Modalities Stomach Gastric Dilation Gastric Dilation and Volvulus Foreign Bodies Gastric Neoplasia Gastritis and Ulceration Gastric Perforation Small and Large Intestines Functional Ileus Mechanical Obstruction Foreign Bodies Intestinal Neoplasia Chronic Enteropathy/Inflammatory Bowel Disease Intestinal Ulceration Intussusception Intestinal and Colonic Volvulus Megacolon Colonic Neoplasia Summary References CHAPTER TWENTY SIX Pancreas Anatomy Pancreatitis in Dogs and Cats Triaditis Pancreatic Nodular Hyperplasia Pancreatic Cysts and Pseudocysts Pancreatic Abscess Pancreatic Carcinoma Endocrine Tumors Pancreatic Edema References CHAPTER TWENTY SEVEN Urogenital Tract Kidneys Normal Imaging Findings Abnormal Imaging Findings Ureters Excretory Urography Percutaneous Antegrade Positive-Contrast Pyelography Abnormalities of the Collecting System Abnormalities of the Ureters Urinary Bladder and Urethra Normal Imaging Findings Contrast Radiography Cystography Urethrography Urinary Bladder Diseases Distension Rupture and Diverticula Mineralization Calculi Sand Urinary Bladder Wall Masses Neoplasms Polypoid Urinary Cystitis Other Soft Tissue Masses Mural Gas Abnormal Position Intrapelvic Urinary Bladder Hernia or Rupture Urethral Diseases Calculi Rupture Neoplasia Inflammation Stricture Developmental Disease Ureteral Ectopia Ureterocele Diverticulum Female Reproductive Tract Anatomy Normal Pregnancy Female Reproductive System Diseases Male Reproductive Tract Prostate Gland Testes and Scrotum Penis References CHAPTER TWENTY EIGHT Adrenal Glands and Lymph Nodes Overview of Adrenal Glands Imaging Appearance of Normal Adrenal Glands Imaging Abnormalities of Adrenal Glands Overview of Lymph Nodes Imaging Characteristics of Normal Lymph Nodes Lymphangiogram Imaging Characteristics of Abnormalities of Lymph Nodes References APPENDIX I MUSCULOSKELETAL REVIEW PARADIGM APPENDIX II THORACIC RADIOLOGY CHECKLIST APPENDIX III ABDOMINAL RADIOLOGY CHECKLIST Index EULA