Introductory Chemistry Essentials

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ALERT: Before you purchase, check with your instructor or review your course syllabus to ensure that you select the correct ISBN. Several versions of Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products exist for each title, including customized versions for individual schools, and registrations are not transferable. In addition, you may need a CourseID, provided by your instructor, to register for and use Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products. NOTE: Make sure to use the dashes shown on the Access Card Code when entering the code. Student can use the URL and phone number below to help answer their questions: http: //247pearsoned.custhelp.com/app/home 800-677-6337 Packages Access codes for Pearson's MyLab & Mastering products may not be included when purchasing or renting from companies other than Pearson; check with the seller before completing your purchase. Used or rental books If you rent or purchase a used book with an access code, the access code may have been redeemed previously and you may have to purchase a new access code. Access codes Access codes that are purchased from sellers other than Pearson carry a higher risk of being either the wrong ISBN or a previously redeemed code. Check with the seller prior to purchase. -- See how chemistry is relevant to your life Now in its fifth edition, Introductory Chemistry Essentials continues to foster deep engagement in the course by showing how chemistry manifests in your daily life. Author Nivaldo Tro draws upon his classroom experience as an award-winning instructor to extend chemistry from the laboratory to your world, with relevant applications and a captivating writing style. Closely integrated with the fifth edition of Introductory Chemistry Essentials, MasteringChemistry(R) gives you the tools you need to succeed in this course. This program provides you a better learning experience. It will help you to: - Personalize learning with MasteringChemistry(R) This data-validated online homework, tutorial, and assessment program helps you quickly master concepts, and enables instructors to provide timely intervention when necessary. - Achieve deep conceptual understanding Several new Conceptual Checkpoints and Self- Assessment Quizzes help you better grasp key concepts. - Develop problem-solving skills A step-by-step framework encourages you to think logically rather than simply memorize formulas. Additional worked examples, enhanced with audio and video, reinforce challenging problems. - Maintain interest in chemistry: The inclusion of concrete examples of key ideas throughout the program keeps you engaged in the material. This Package Contains: - Introductory Chemistry Essentials, 5/e -- 9780321919052 / 032191905X - MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText ValuePack Access Card for Introductory Chemistry Essentials, 5/e -- 9780321933515 / 0321933516 Cover Brief Contents Contents Preface Chapter 1: The Chemical World 1.1: Soda Pop Fizz 1.2: Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things 1.3: All Things Are Made of Atoms and Molecules 1.4: The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think Everyday Chemistry: Combustion and the Scientific Method 1.5: A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving 2.1: Measuring Global Temperatures 2.2: Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers 2.3: Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision Counting Significant Figures Exact Numbers Chemistry in the Media: The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements That Illuminate Our Cosmic Past 2.4: Significant Figures in Calculations Multiplication and Division Rounding Addition and Subtraction Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division and Addition/Subtraction 2.5: The Basic Units of Measurement The Base Units Prefix Multipliers Derived Units 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversion Converting Between Units General Problem-Solving Strategy Problem-Solving Procedure Solving Unit Conversion Problems 2.7: Solving Multistep Unit Conversion Problems 2.8: Units Raised to a Power Chemistry and Health: Drug Dosage 2.9: Density Calculating Density Density as a Conversion Factor Chemistry and Health: Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map Problem-Solving Procedure Solving Numerical Problems Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 3: Matter and Energy 3.1: In Your Room 3.2: What Is Matter? 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties 3.6: Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes Separating Mixtures Through Physical Changes 3.7: Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter 3.8: Energy Chemistry in the Environment: Getting Energy out of Nothing? Units of Energy 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change 3.10: Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms 3.11: Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity Everyday Chemistry: Coolers, Camping, and the Heat Capacity of Water 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 4: Atoms and Elements 4.1: Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon 4.2: Indivisible: The Atomic Theory Everyday Chemistry: Atoms and Humans 4.3: The Nuclear Atom 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons Everyday Chemistry: Solid Matter? 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table 4.7: Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons Ions and the Periodic Table 4.8: Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Element’s Atoms Chemistry in the Environment: Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 5: Molecules and Compounds 5.1: Sugar and Salt 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds Polyatomic Ions in Chemical Formulas Types of Chemical Formulas 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds Atomic Elements Molecular Elements Molecular Compounds Ionic Compounds 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Only Monoatomic Ions Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions 5.6: Nomenclature: Naming Compounds 5.7: Naming Ionic Compounds Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms Only One Type of Cation Naming Binary Ionic Compounds Containing a Metal That Forms More Than One Type of Cation Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion Everyday Chemistry: Polyatomic Ions 5.8: Naming Molecular Compounds 5.9: Naming Acids Naming Binary Acids Naming Oxyacids Chemistry in the Environment: Acid Rain 5.10: Nomenclature Summary Ionic Compounds Molecular Compounds Acids 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 6: Chemical Composition 6.1: How Much Sodium? 6.2: Counting Nails by the Pound 6.3: Counting Atoms by the Gram Converting between Moles and Number of Atoms Converting between Grams and Moles of an Element Converting between Grams of an Element and Number of Atoms 6.4: Counting Molecules by the Gram Converting between Grams and Moles of a Compound Converting between Grams of a Compound and Number of Molecules 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors Converting between Moles of a Compound and Moles of a Constituent Element Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element Chemistry in the Environment: Chlorine in Chlorofluorocarbons 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula Chemistry and Health: Fluoridation of Drinking Water 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data Problem-Solving Procedure Obtaining an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents 7.2: Evidence of a Chemical Reaction 7.3: The Chemical Equation 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Balanced Chemical Equations 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water Solubility 7.6: Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid Predicting Precipitation Reactions Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Equations for Precipitation Reactions 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations 7.8: Acid–Base and Gas Evolution Reactions Acid–Base (Neutralization) Reactions Gas Evolution Reactions Chemistry and Health: Neutralizing Excess Stomach Acid 7.9: Oxidation–Reduction Reactions Combustion Reactions 7.10: Classifying Chemical Reactions Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do Classification Flowchart Chemistry in the Environment: The Reactions Involved in Ozone Depletion Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions 8.1: Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide 8.2: Making Pancakes: Relationships between Ingredients 8.3: Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions 8.4: Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions Chemistry in the Media: The Controversy over Oxygenated Fuels 8.5: More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants 8.7: Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction Everyday Chemistry: Bunsen Burners Sign of Hrxn Stoichiometry of Hrxn Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom 9.2: Light: Electromagnetic Radiation 9.3: The Electromagnetic Spectrum Chemistry and Health: Radiation Treatment for Cancer 9.4 The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps From Orbits to Orbitals 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character Atomic Size Chemistry and Health: Pumping Ions: Atomic Size and Nerve Impulses Ionization Energy Metallic Character Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding 10.1: Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared Double and Triple Bonds 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds Problem-Solving Procedure Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions Exceptions to the Octet Rule 10.6: Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule 10.7: Predicting the Shapes of Molecules Chemistry in the Environment: The Lewis Structure of Ozone Problem-Solving Procedure Predicting Geometry Using VSEPR Theory Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper Chemistry and Health: Fooled by Molecular Shape 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don’t Mix Electronegativity Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules Everyday Chemistry: How Soap Works Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 11: Gases 11.1: Extra-Long Straws 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions Pressure Units Pressure Unit Conversion 11.4: Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume Everyday Chemistry: Airplane Cabin Pressurization Everyday Chemistry: Extra-long Snorkels 11.5: Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature 11.6: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature 11.7: Avogadro’s Law: Volume and Moles 11.8: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law 11.9: Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen Deep-Sea Diving and Partial Pressure Collecting Gases over Water 11.10: Gases in Chemical Reactions Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure Chemistry in the Environment: Air Pollution Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces 12.1: Interactions between Molecules 12.2: Properties of Liquids and Solids 12.3: Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity Surface Tension Viscosity Everyday Chemistry: Why Are Water Drops Spherical? 12.4: Evaporation and Condensation Boiling Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation Heat of Vaporization 12.5: Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation Energetics of Melting and Freezing Heat of Fusion Sublimation 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole–Dipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion–Dipole Dispersion Force Dipole–Dipole Force Hydrogen Bonding Ion–Dipole Force Chemistry and Health: Hydrogen Bonding in DNA 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic Molecular Solids Ionic Solids Atomic Solids 12.8: Water: A Remarkable Molecule Chemistry in the Environment: Water Pollution Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 13: Solutions 13.1: Tragedy in Cameroon 13.2: Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy Solubility and Saturation Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids How Solubility Varies with Temperature Rock Candy 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz 13.5: Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent Mass Percent Using Mass Percent in Calculations 13.6: Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity Chemistry in the Environment: The Dirty Dozen Using Molarity in Calculations Ion Concentrations 13.7: Solution Dilution 13.8: Solution Stoichiometry 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter Freezing Point Depression Everyday Chemistry: Antifreeze in Frogs Boiling Point Elevation 13.10: Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration Chemistry and Health: Solutions in Medicine Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 14: Acids and Bases 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies 14.2: Acids: Properties and Examples 14.3: Bases: Properties and Examples 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases The Arrhenius Definition The Brønsted–Lowry Definition 14.5: Reactions of Acids and Bases Neutralization Reactions Acid Reactions Everyday Chemistry: What Is in My Antacid? Base Reactions 14.6: Acid–Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution 14.7: Strong and Weak Acids and Bases Strong Acids Weak Acids Strong Bases Weak Bases 14.8: Water: Acid and Base in One 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity Calculating pH from [H3O+] Calculating [h3O+] from pH The pOH Scale 14.10: Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change Chemistry and Health: Alkaloids Chemistry and Health: The Danger of Antifreeze Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 15 Chemical Equilibrium 15.1: Life: Controlled Disequilibrium 15.2: The Rate of a Chemical Reaction Collision Theory How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction 15.3: The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium 15.4: The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions for Chemical Reactions The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant 15.5: Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid 15.6: Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants Calculating Equilibrium Constants Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations 15.7: Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Châtelier’s Principle 15.8: The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium 15.9: The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium Chemistry and Health: How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen from Its Mother 15.10: The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium 15.11: The Solubility-Product Constant Using Ksp to Determine Molar Solubility Everyday Chemistry: Hard Water 15.12: The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy Enzymes: Biological Catalysts Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 16: Oxidation and Reduction 16.1: The End of the Internal Combustion Engine? 16.2: Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions 16.3: Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping Everyday Chemistry: The Bleaching of Hair 16.4: Balancing Redox Equations Problem-Solving Procedure Balancing Redox Equations Using the Half-Reaction Method Chemistry in the Environment: Photosynthesis and Respiration: Energy for Life 16.5: The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid 16.6: Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity Dry-Cell Batteries Lead-Acid Storage Batteries Fuel Cells 16.7: Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry 16.8: Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions Everyday Chemistry: The Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Chapter 17: Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry 17.1: Diagnosing Appendicitis 17.2: The Discovery of Radioactivity 17.3: Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay Alpha (α) Radiation Beta (β) Radiation Gamma (ϒ) Radiation Positron Emission 17.4: Detecting Radioactivity 17.5: Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life Chemistry and Health: Environmental Radon A Natural Radioactive Decay Series 17.6: Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts Chemistry in the Media: The Shroud of Turin 17.7: The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb 17.8: Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity 17.9: Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun 17.10: The Effects of Radiation on Life Acute Radiation Damage Increased Cancer Risk Genetic Defects Measuring Radiation Exposure 17.11: Radioactivity in Medicine Isotope Scanning Radiotherapy Chapter in review Key Terms Exercises Appendix: Mathematics Review Basic Algebra Mathematical Operations with Scientific Notation Multiplication and Division Addition and Subtraction Logarithms Inverse Logarithms Glossary Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises Photo Credits Index