HIV in US Communities of Color

Description

This book builds upon its previous edition by comprehensively updating important epidemiologic and clinical content of the HIV continuum amongst Black and Latino individuals of the United States, including the epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HIV within these diverse communities. Illuminating current diagnostic and prevention considerations, as well as its evidence base, the text highlights important concepts and integrates critical aspects of the structural and social environment, such as mass incarceration and neighborhood-level disadvantage, that compromise our ability to decrease HIV risk and improve outcomes. Discussion regarding significant predictors of health inequity, including discrimination, medical mistrust, and stigma, specifically homophobia and transphobia, are included. The book also reviews the impact of significant advances in HIV prevention, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), within Black and Latino communities. Written by experts in their field, this second edition of HIV in US Communities of Color is a comprehensive and dynamic resource for all health care providers who support the care and treatment of Black and Latino individuals at risk for or living with HIV. Preface Contents Contributors Chapter 1: Achieving Health Equity Among US Communities of Color at Risk for or Living with HIV Introduction Acknowledge and Address Structural Racism Improve Patient-Provider Relationships Diversify the HIV Workforce Summary References Chapter 2: Epidemiology of HIV Infection in Communities of Color in the United States Introduction Epidemiology of HIV Infection in Communities of Color Changing Definitions Overview of the HIV Epidemic in Communities of Color Disparities in HIV Mortality Geographic Disparities Disparities in HIV Testing and Late Testing HIV Care Continuum The HIV Cascade and Blacks The HIV Care Cascade and Latinos HIV Care Cascade in Marginalized Populations Linkage to Care Disparities in Communities of Color Successful Interventions to Improve HIV Care Linkage ART Initiation and Prescription in Communities of Color Successful Interventions to Improve ART Initiation Care Retention and Achieving Viral Suppression Disparities in Care Retention and Achieving Viral Suppression Key Factors/Challenges in Achieving Viral Suppression Successful Interventions to Improve Viral Suppression Care Retention Challenges in Marginalized and Vulnerable Populations Vulnerable Populations Men Who Have Sex with Men Transgender Populations Adolescents and Young Adults Living with HIV People Who Inject Drugs People in Prisons and Other Closed Settings Women of Color and Those Who Are Pregnant or Postpartum The Way Forward Increase Awareness and Uptake of Existing Prevention Modalities Enhancing Access to Care and Treatment Services Addressing the Role of the Social Determinants of Health Research and Evidence Base References Chapter 3: PrEP and the Black Community Background Knowledge of HIV Status Awareness and Knowledge of PrEP Seeking and Obtaining PrEP Taking PrEP Event-Driven PrEP Future PrEP Modalities Getting to Equitable Impact References Chapter 4: HIV Prevention, Care, and Treatment Among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) Introduction Theoretical Approaches to HIV Prevention in Black MSM Communities The Role of Stigma, Marginalization, and Structural Inequalities Integrating Interdisciplinary and Intersectional Approaches in Health Disparities Sociocultural Factors as Innovative Theoretical Frameworks Factors Related to HIV Prevention in Black MSM Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) as Biomedical Prevention in Black MSM The HIV Care Continuum for Black MSM Building Innovative, Culturally Congruent Research on Black MSM Contextualizing Sex in Black MSM Communities: The Role of Sexual Contexts and Networks Experiences of Violence in the Context of HIV Prevention for Black MSM Communities Substance Use in Relation to HIV Sexual Risk Behavior in Black MSM The Influence of Immigration on Black MSM and Its Connection to HIV Prevention Psychosocial Support and Mental Health Needs for Black MSM Summary References Chapter 5: HIV/AIDS and the Latino Populations in the United States: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Barriers to Care and Treatment Introduction Latinos in the United States Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and Latino Populations HIV Incidence and Prevalence AIDS Incidence and Prevalence and HIV/AIDS Mortality HIV/AIDS and Geography Latinos and the HIV/AIDS Care Continuum HIV Testing and Diagnosis Linkage to Care Retention in Care Antiretroviral Use and Viral Suppression Latinos and HIV Prevention Current and Future Efforts Conclusion References Chapter 6: Women of Color and HIV Epidemiology HIV Transmission Natural History Gynecologic Issues and Clinical Manifestations in Women with HIV Infection Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Cytologic Abnormalities Trichomonas vaginalis Infections Bacterial Vaginosis Candidal Vaginal Infections Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Syphilis Infections in HIV-Infected Women Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Contraception Preconception Counseling Nongynecologic Clinical Manifestations of HIV in Women HIV and the Older Woman Clinical Care of Women Living with HIV/AIDS References Chapter 7: HIV and Immigrants from Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean Living in the United States Introduction Immigration from Africa and the Caribbean HIV Epidemiology Location of HIV Acquisition Behavioral HIV Risk HIV Testing Biomedical HIV Prevention (Pre-exposure Prophylaxis) HIV Care and Treatment HIV-Related Stigma Promising Strategies and Interventions Recommendations References Chapter 8: HIV in the South Demographics, Data, and Disparities Viral Suppression Drivers of the Southern HIV Epidemic Conclusion Chapter 9: Neighborhood-Level Structural Factors, HIV, and Communities of Color Overview: Why Focus on Neighborhoods and HIV? Neighborhoods and Overall Health Assessment of Neighborhoods Measuring Neighborhood Characteristics Measuring Neighborhood Boundaries Research on Neighborhoods and HIV in Communities of Color Social Environment Residential Segregation Neighborhood HIV Prevalence Gay Neighborhoods and Other Neighborhood Sociodemographics Neighborhood Disadvantage Neighborhood Disorder and Neighborhood Violence Neighborhood Social Capital and Income Inequality Built Environment Neighborhood Built Environment, Including Availability of HIV Testing Locations Limitations of Existing Research Future Research Directions on Neighborhoods and HIV Conclusion References Chapter 10: Substance Use Disorder and HIV Introduction Defining Terms and Principles Prevalence of Substance Use Disorder Among People with or at Risk of HIV in Communities of Color Link Between Substance Use and HIV Opioids Prevalence Risk Behaviors HIV Outcomes Opioid Use Disorder Treatment Alcohol Prevalence Risk Behaviors HIV Outcomes Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment Stimulants Prevalence Risk Behaviors HIV Outcomes Stimulant Use Disorder Treatment Tobacco Prevalence HIV and Other Health Outcomes Tobacco Use Disorder Treatment Cannabis Prevalence Risk Behaviors HIV Outcomes Cannabis Use Disorder Treatment Behavioral Treatments of Substance Use Disorders Treatment Considerations for HIV at Risk Who Have SUD Harm Reduction Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Role of Race in the Approach to Treatment of SUD Stigma Integration of HIV and SUD Treatment Conclusion References Chapter 11: HIV Prevention, Care, and Treatment for Transgender Communities of Color Introduction Terminology Epidemiology Prevalence of Trans Identities HIV Prevalence HIV Vulnerability Engagement in Biomedical HIV Prevention HIV Care Continuum Challenges to Engagement in HIV Care and Treatment Interventiovns to Facilitate HIV Care Engagement Provider-Patient Interaction and Affirming Language (Best Practices) Gender-Affirming Medical Settings Provider Interactions Physical Exam Language Use Genital Examinations HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis: Screening and Prevention Recommendations Unique Treatment Considerations Hormones and ART Dolutegravir and Pregnancy Conclusion References Chapter 12: Medical Mistrust, Discrimination, and the Domestic HIV Epidemic Introduction Medical Mistrust and HIV Psychological Perspectives on the Origins of Mistrust Why Is Mistrust Associated with HIV Outcomes? A Multilevel Perspective Potential Intervention Approaches to Address Medical Mistrust Recommendations for Next Steps on Medical Mistrust and HIV Research Conclusion References Chapter 13: Incarceration and the HIV Epidemic Introduction Epidemiology of Incarceration and HIV and the Impact on Communities of Color Epidemic of Incarceration in the USA Epidemiology of Incarceration by Geography, Race/Ethnicity Prevalence of HIV in Jails and Prisons Factors Contributing to Overlap of HIV and Incarceration Incarceration, HIV, and Health Disparities HIV Prevention in CJ Settings Approaches to HIV Prevention in CJ System HIV Prevention: Behavioral Interventions Behavioral Outcomes and Changes in HIV Knowledge and Attitudes Gaps in HIV Prevention Behavioral Interventions in CJ-Involved Biomedical HIV Prevention – Substance Use Treatment Biomedical HIV Prevention – Pre-exposure Prophylaxis HIV Care Cascade Prior to, During, and After Incarceration Impact of Incarceration on HIV Care Cascade HIV Testing in Jails and Prisons HIV Care, Treatment, and Viral Suppression in CJ System Disparities in HIV Care Cascade Within Incarcerated Population Re-entry Transition from Incarceration to Community Re-entry Barriers and HIV Linkage to HIV Care Post-incarceration Linkage to Post-incarceration HIV Care Interventions Post-incarceration Viral Suppression Interventions HIV-Related Stigma and Relationship with Clinical Outcomes Stigma and Discrimination During Incarceration Intersectional Stigma During Re-entry Summary Future Directions References Index