Handbook of Youth Suicide Prevention: Integrating Research into Practice

Description

This handbook examines research on youth suicide, analyzes recent data on suicide among adolescents, and addresses the subject matter as a serious public health concern. The book explores the research on youth suicide, examining its causes, new and innovative ways of determining suicide risk, and evidence-based intervention and prevention strategies. In addition, it focuses on specific under-studied populations, including adolescents belonging to ethnic, racial, and sexual minority groups, youth involved in the criminal justice system, and adolescents in foster care. The book discusses how culturally informed and targeted interventions can help to decrease suicide risk for these populations. Key areas of coverage include: Early childhood adversity, stress, and developmental pathways of suicide risk.The neurobiology of youth suicide.Suicide, self-harm, and the media.Assessment of youth suicidal behavior with explicit and implicit measures.Suicide-related risk among immigrant, ethnic, and racial minority youth.LGBTQ youth and suicide prevention.Psychosocial treatments for ethnoculturally diverse youth with suicidal thoughts and behaviors.Technology-enhanced interventions and youth suicide prevention.  The Handbook of Youth Suicide Prevention is an essential resource for researchers, professors, graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, and other professionals in developmental psychology, social work, public health, pediatrics, family studies, child and adolescent psychiatry, school and educational psychology, and all interrelated disciplines. Handbook of Youth Suicide Prevention Acknowledgments Contents About the Editors Contributors Untitled 1: Introduction to the Handbook of Youth Suicide Prevention: Integrating Research into Practice References Part I: Research and Theory 2: Theories of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors: What Exists and What Is Needed to Advance Youth Suicide Research Sociology: Theories of Societal Change and of Imitation Social Integration and Regulation (Durkheim, 1951) Social Imitation Theory (De Tarde, 1903) Biology: Stress–Diathesis Model (Mann, 1998) Psychology: Theories of the Suicidal Mind Psychache Theory, Cubic Model of Suicide (Shneidman, 1993, 1998) Escape Theory of Suicide (Baumeister, 1990) Cry of Pain Model of Suicide (Pollock & Williams, 2001; Williams, 1997, 2001) Hopelessness Theory (Beck et al., 1985, 1990) and Cognitive Model of Suicide (Wenzel & Beck, 2008) Integrated Psychological Theories: Ideation-to-Action Frameworks Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (Joiner, 2005) Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behavior (O’Connor, 2011; O’Connor & Kirtley, 2018) Three-Step Theory (Klonsky & May, 2015) Sociocultural Perspectives: Ecological Theories of Suicidal Behaviors Ecodevelopmental Model of Latina Suicide Attempts (Zayas et al., 2005) Cultural Theory and Model of Suicide (Chu et al., 2010) Relevant Developmental Models and Perspectives Discussion Lack of Developmental Focus Lack of Cultural Context Lack of Specificity and Temporal Resolution Lack of Understanding about Chronic Course of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Future Directions References 3: Early Childhood Adversity, Stress, and Developmental Pathways of Suicide Risk Childhood Maltreatment and Suicidal Behavior Theoretical Frameworks for the Study of Maltreatment and Suicidal Behavior Mechanisms Linking Childhood Maltreatment to Suicidal Behavior Childhood Maltreatment, Genetics, Epigenetics, and Other Biological Systems Child Maltreatment, Brain Structure, and Function Childhood Maltreatment and Stress Reactivity Childhood Maltreatment and Emotion Regulation Childhood Maltreatment and Executive Functioning Maltreatment and Pubertal Timing Reproductive Considerations Conclusion References 4: Perspectives on the Neurobiology of Youth Suicide Within an RDoC Framework Introduction Cognitive Systems and Youth Suicide Positive Valence Systems and Youth Suicide Negative Valence Systems in Youth Suicide Conclusion References 5: Parental and Family History of Suicidal Behaviors and Psychopathology and Suicide-Related Risk in Youth Offspring Parental and Family History of Suicide and Youth Suicide-Related Outcomes Parental and Family History of Suicidal Behaviors and Youth Suicide-Related Outcomes Parental Psychopathology and Youth Suicide-Related Outcomes Transmission of Parental Psychopathology Clinical Implications Limitations and Future Directions Conclusion References 6: Examining the Relationship Between Suicide and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Among Adolescents and Young Adults Classifying and Defining Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Prevalence, Methods, Frequency, and Functions of NSSI NSSI as a Risk Factor for Suicide Proposed Mechanism of Association between NSSI and Suicide General Risk Factors for Youth NSSI Individual Risk Factors Demographic Factors Previous Self-Injury Emotion Dysregulation Cognitive Factors Psychopathology Aggression Environmental Risk Factors Social Support and Peer NSSI Abuse and Family Factors Peer Victimization Summary Risk Factors for Underserved Populations of Youth Black, Indigenous, and Youth of Color Prevalence Systemic Factors Affecting Risk Summary Gender and Sexual Minority Youth Prevalence Systemic Correlates and Risks for GSM Youth Summary Conclusion References 7: Suicidal behavior and the media History and Definitions of Terms Used to Describe Media Influences on Suicidal Behavior Suicide Behavior, Suicide-Related Outcomes, and “13 Reasons Why” Factors Impacting the Likelihood of Suicide Clustering and Contagion with Media Exposure to Suicide Exposure to Suicide on Social Media and Suicidal Behavior in Youth Implications for Media Reporting and Consuming of Suicide Stories Future Directions for Research to Inform Suicide Prevention in Youth Given Media Depictions of Suicide Conclusion References 8: Understanding Suicide-Related Risk in Immigrant and Ethnic and Racial Minority Youth Through an Ecological and Developmental Context Contemporary Models of Acculturation Acculturation and Suicide Demographic Proxies Cultural Practices Cultural Identification Cultural Values Findings from Studies Employing a Bidimensional Perspective Cultural Practices Cultural Identification Cultural Values Summary Remarks Potential Mechanisms Underlying the Relationship between Acculturation and Suicide Cultural Stress Family Functioning and the Parent-Child Acculturation Gap Suicide Models Compatible with an Acculturation Framework The Way Forward: Addressing Gaps and Methodological Concerns Mechanisms and Conceptual Concerns Bidimensional Conceptualizations of Acculturation Acculturation as a Developmental Process Acculturation Within the Family Context Acculturation, Cultural Stress, or Both? Methodological Concerns Effects of the Host Context and Ethnic and Racial Density Intersectionality and Within-Group Differences Clinical Implications Conclusion References Part II: Assessment 9: Understanding Patterns of Adolescent Suicide Ideation: Implications for Risk Assessment Introduction What Some Theories of Suicide Suggest About Suicide Ideation Role of Attention Bias and Engagement/Disengagement Limitations of Current Measurement of Suicide Ideation Suicide-Related Imagery Suicide Ideation Trajectories Moment-to-Moment Variability in Suicide Ideation: Data from Ecological Momentary Assessment Studies Suicide Ideation Subtypes Limits of Direct Inquiries About Adolescent Suicide Ideation Clinical Implications Conclusion References 10: Using Implicit and Explicit Measures to Predict Suicidal Behavior Among Adolescents Introduction Suicide Prediction Tools Self-Reported Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Self-Reported Risk and Protective Factors Composite Self-Report Measures Behavioral Measures of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Additional Considerations when Applying Explicit and Implicit Measures Safety of Suicide Prediction Tools The Role of Disclosure in Suicide Prediction Tools The Cultural Context around Suicide Prediction Tools Future Directions in Youth Suicide Risk Assessment Conclusion References Part III: Specific Populations 11: Understanding Risk and Protective Factors to Improve Well-Being and Prevent Suicide Among LGBTQ Youth Introduction Core Theoretical Frameworks Within-Group Differences Risk Factors Internalized Stigma Coming-Out Distress Family Rejection LGBTQ-Based Discrimination and Victimization LGBTQ Conversion Efforts Community-Level Factors Protective Factors Positive Identity Coping Skills Family Support Peer Support Teacher Support Positive Mentors and Connections to Non-Parental Adults Supportive and Inclusive Schools Supportive Policies Evidence-Informed Efforts to Reduce LGBTQ Youth Suicide Incorporation of LGBTQ-Affirming Principles Gender-Affirming Care LGBTQ-Specific Crisis Lines Family-Based Interventions Strategies for Safe and Supportive Schools Conclusion and Future Directions References 12: Suicide Among Justice-Involved Youth Overview Prevalence Risk Factors Custodial Settings Mental Health History of Trauma Peer Relationships History of Suicidal Behavior Diversity and Risk for Suicide LGBTQIA Youth Female Youth Racial and Ethnic Minority Youth Assessment Treatment Prevention Conclusion References 13: Suicide Among American Indian/Alaska Native Populations Who Are American Indians/Alaska Natives? Brief History of AI/AN Peoples in the US Cultural Worldviews, Values, and Strengths in AI/AN Populations Coronavirus Global Pandemic Suicide in Indian Country Historical Trends of Suicidality Among AI/AN Peoples Current Trends of Suicidality Among AI/AN Peoples Social Determinants of Suicide Risk in AI/AN Populations Socio-Historical Risk Factors for Suicide Community Risk Factors for Suicide Family Risk Factors for Suicide Individual Risk Factors for Suicide Theoretical Models and Frameworks to Understand Suicide in AI/AN Populations Evidence-Based Treatments for Suicide Prevention and Intervention with AI/ANs Considerations and Limitations of Evidence-Based Treatments for Suicide Resilience and Protective Factors against Suicide Risk in AI/AN Populations References 14: Asian American Youth Suicide: Research and Intervention The Importance of Understanding Asian American Youth Suicide Barriers to Mental Health Care for Asian American Youth Risk Factors for Asian American Youth Suicide Protective Factors against Asian American Youth Suicide Prevention and Treatment of Asian American Youth Suicide Conclusion References 15: Suicidal Behaviors in Youth with Foster Care Experience Introduction Suicidal Behaviors of Child Welfare-Involved Youth Transition-Age Youth Potential Reasons for Enhanced Risk Child Maltreatment Mental Illness Mental Illness and Suicidal Behavior Mental Illness in Youth in Care Social Support Social Support and Suicidal Behavior Inadequate Social Support in Youth in Care Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behavior and Youth in Foster Care IPTS Described IPTS Applied Critiques Assessment and Intervention Conclusion References 16: Latina Adolescent Suicide Attempts: A Review of Familial, Cultural, and Community Protective and Risk Factors The Epidemiology of Latina Adolescents Suicide Attempts Conceptual Models of Latina Adolescent Suicide Attempts Zayas’ Ecodevelopmental Model of Latina Suicide Attempts Gulbas’ System Dynamics Approach to Charting Suicide Risk in Latina Adolescents Joiner’s Interpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicide Familial, Cultural, and Community Protective and Risk Factors for Suicide Attempts Among Latina Teens Familial Protective and Risk Factors for Suicide Attempts Among Latinas Cultural Protective and Risk Factors for Suicide Attempts Among Latinas Community Protective and Risk Factors for Suicide Attempts among Latinas Conclusion and Future Directions References 17: Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide in Black Youth Definition of Terms Risk and Protective Factors Depression Anxiety Trauma Racism Protective Factors Hope Ethnic Identity Social Support Family Support Peer Support Religiosity/Spirituality Conclusion References Part IV: Treatment and Prevention 18: Suicide Prevention Through Community Capacity Building in Resource-Poor Areas and Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Introduction Defining Terms and Chapter Focus How Do We Define Persons at Risk for Suicide in Low-Resourced Settings? What Role Does Poverty Play in Capacity Building Suicide Prevention for Both LMIC and Indigenous Populations? What Suicide Risks Are Better Understood with a Cultural-Specific CBPR Approach? What CBPR Research Methods Have Been Used to Build Capacity in Resource-Poor and LMIC Settings? How Do CBPR Suicide Prevention Studies, to Date, Compare Between LMIC Samples and Indigenous Samples? How Are LMIC and Indigenous Communities Empowered Through Capacity Building Suicide Prevention CBPR? Conclusion References 19: Psychosocial Treatments for Ethnoculturally Diverse Youth with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Psychosocial Treatments for Ethnoculturally Diverse Youth with Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Top-Down: An Evidence-Based Treatment Approach Bottom-Up: An Evidence-Based Practice Approach State of Intervention Approaches for STBs and NSSI by Minoritized Ethnocultural Group Hispanic/Latinx Youth Demographics and Epidemiology of Suicidal Behavior Evidence Black/African American Youth Demographics and Epidemiology of Suicidal Behavior Evidence Multisystemic Therapy (MST) Attachment-Based Family Therapy (ABFT) American Indian/Alaska Native/Indigenous Youth Demographic Characteristics and Epidemiology Evidence New Hope Brief Intervention for AI Teens Restoring the Native American Spirit American Indian Life Skills Development Curriculum Asian American Youth Demographic and Epidemiology of Suicide Evidence Middle Eastern/North African Youth Demographic Characteristics and Epidemiology Discussion Defining Cultural Adaptation and Treatment Development in Suicide Intervention Research Envisioning the Future of Suicide Intervention Research with Minoritized Ethnocultural Groups References 20: Training Mental Health Providers to Prevent Teen Suicide Using Evidence-Based Approaches Risk Assessment and Safety Interventions for Suicidal Youth Suicide Risk Assessment Navigating Privacy with Teen Clients and Their Parents Direct Questioning About Suicidal Ideation, Intent, and Plans History of and Current Engagement in Self-Harming and Suicidal Behavior Assessment of Additional Risk Factors and the Presence or Likelihood of Potential Stressors or Triggering Events Access to Lethal Means Youth’s Willingness and Ability to Commit to Use of a Safety Plan Safety of the Youth’s Environment Structured Clinical Interviews and Self-Report Measures Safety Interventions Critical Considerations Training Requirements Existing Training Initiatives Universal Approaches to Suicide Prevention Gatekeeper Training (GKT) Programs Targeted Training for Behavioral Health Providers Training in Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Suicidal Youth Future Directions References 21: Preventing Youth Suicide in the School Community: Strategies for Postvention, Intervention, and Prevention Suicide Ideation, Attempt, and Death Preparing for the Worst, Post-Suicide Intervention (i.e., Postvention) Purpose Evidence Suicide Intervention in a School-Based Setting Suicide Risk Assessment Responding to Students at Risk for Suicide Suicide Safety Planning Intervention (SSPI) How to Make a Referral from Talking to Parents/Caregivers to Connecting a Youth to Services Reintegration to School After Hospitalization or Extended Absence School-based Prevention Approaches to Suicide Purpose Structure/Programs Suicide Awareness Curricula General Skills Training Screening Gatekeeper Trainings Peer Training Combined Programs Evidence Putting It All Together References 22: Technology-Enhanced Interventions for Youth Suicide Prevention: Implications for Research and Practice Introduction State of Research Literature on Technology-Enhanced Interventions Type of Technology Tiers of Interventions Impact on Youth Suicidality Limitations of Current Interventions Social Media Benefits: Improving Social Connection Benefits: Improving Detection and Prevention Increasing Suicide Risk: Normalizing Suicide Increasing Suicide Risk: Peer Victimization Increasing Suicide Risk: Mental Health Symptoms Limitations of Social Media Research Practice Elements/Considerations Youth Access to Technology Privacy and Confidentiality Text Messaging Mobile Apps and Online Interventions Practice Considerations Discussion References 23: Incorporating a Trauma-Informed Approach in Youth Suicide Research Incorporating a Trauma-Informed Approach in Youth Suicide Research What Is Trauma? The Trauma-Informed Approach Our Experiences Integrating a TI Approach into Research Bringing the Trauma-Informed Model into Youth Suicide Research Realization of the Widespread Impact of Trauma and Awareness of the Paths for Recovery Recognition of the Signs and Symptoms of Trauma Integration of Knowledge about Trauma in All Procedures and Practices Active Prevention of Re-Traumatization Conclusion References 24: Conclusion: The Future of Youth Suicide Prevention Introduction Next Steps Concluding Remarks References Index